600 



SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. XL. No. 1034 



the growing crystal with its simple expression 

 in numerical symbols; and by a clear state- 

 ment of the general reciprocal relation which 

 exists between the polar elements of Gold- 

 schmidt and the linear elements of Miller. 



The systematic description of crystal forms 

 follows conventional lines, the concept of 

 hemihedrism being used throughout to classify 

 the various symmetry classes within each 

 system. Chapters on twinning and on crystal 

 drawing from gnomonic projection complete 

 the author's text. A final chapter contains 

 extracts from various American crystallo- 

 graphic publications which illustrate to the 

 student the methods of procedure required for 

 several varieties of crystallographic investiga- 

 tion. These extracts seem on the whole of 

 doubtful value to the class of students for 

 whom the book is primarily intended. 



The illustrations include gnomonic pro- 

 jections of the holohedral class of each system. 

 The crystal figures have suffered severely at 

 the hands of the printer; a great number, 

 nearly one third it seemed on a rapid estimate, 

 are set skew on the page; figures 25 and 206 

 are inverted; and figure 161 is obscure. The 

 text is free from such obvious results of care- 

 less proof-reading. 



■ Charles Palache 



Industrial and Commercial Geography. By 

 J. EussELL Smith. New York, Henry Holt 

 & Co. 1913. Pp. xi + 914. 6 X 81 inches. 

 Price $4. 



The complex field of interests in which the 

 student of industrial and commercial geog- 

 raphy works, involves many matters which are 

 not geographic, and many pitfalls are laid for 

 the geographer who sets venturesome feet 

 across its borders. Professor Smith has some 

 freedom in working this field, since he comes 

 to it as an economist, rather than as a geog- 

 rapher, and he has chosen " to interpret the 

 earth in terms of its usefulness to humanity. 

 And since the primary interest is humanity 

 rather than parts of the earth's surface, the 

 book deals with the human activities as af- 

 fected by the earth, rather than with parts of 

 the earth as they affect human activities." 



Thus the author frankly states his point of 

 view, and as honestly does he carry it out 

 through the 900 pages which foUow. So the 

 geographer has but one protest to make, and 

 that is as to the choice of title. The work 

 should have been called " A Text-book of In- 

 dustry and Commerce " and it is in recogni- 

 tion of this point of view and purpose of the 

 work, that this review is written. 



The book is divided into two parts. Indus- 

 trial Geography and Commercial Geography. 

 In the first part there are essays on the chang- 

 ing forces in our environment; the place and 

 nature of agriculture; on various industries 

 and the commodities produced by them; on 

 the fundamentals of manufacture; on the 

 mineral industries and on the expansion 

 of industries and resources. The second 

 part of the book is given over to a statement 

 of the principles underlying commerce; then 

 to a sketch of the great highways of commerce, 

 including the ocean, and trade routes of the 

 various continents. The last four chapters 

 are on the trade center; the balance of trade; 

 and geographic influences in the commercial 

 policy of nations. 



The book makes interesting reading. One 

 must admire the wealth of interacting rela- 

 tions presented by the author, even though he 

 must at times take issue with the statement 

 of fact or interpretation of the phenomena dis- 

 cussed. The style is frank and easy, often al- 

 most colloquial, quite unlike the usual text- 

 book. In fact it will be criticized on this point 

 as at times diffuse and in need of condensa- 

 tion. 



Of course errors are bound to creep into any 

 book. The most careful proof-reading will not 

 avail against errors. But there are so many 

 errors in this first edition as to make it seem 

 that parts of it were overlooked in the proof 

 reading. In the interest of accuracy it will be 

 fair to call attention to some errors and inac- 

 curacies. The author states, p. 46, that it is 

 too cold for winter wheat north of Nebraska. 

 Yet the record yield of wheat in America is 

 held in eastern Montana, and with winter 

 wheat. On p. 63 a wrong addition is made in 

 footing up the world's wheat production ; p. 75 



