100 



SCIENCE 



[N. S. Tod. XLIII. No. 1099 



through the different grades of intersexes to a 

 male, or, vice versa, from a male to the female, 

 is characterized by a definite intermediate step 

 of wing-pigmentation. The color of the pig- 

 ment is constant but its quantity is variable. 

 And one sees at first sight that in the different 

 intersexes a certain amount of pigment-pro- 

 ducing oxydase, parallel to the quantitative 

 behavior of the sex factors, is furnished by the 

 veins, varying from per cent, in the female 

 to 100 per cent, in the male. If a male is be- 

 coming intersexual, white cunei appear be- 

 tween the veins on the brown wing. Their 

 position and shape is irregular. The total un- 

 pigmented area in different animals of the 

 same constitution, is, however, approximately 

 the same. With growing intersexuality — as 

 measured by all organs of the animal — the 

 white spots become larger. And an inspec- 

 tion of the wings shows immediately that 

 there must be present an amount of pigment 

 or, more correctly, of oxydase, quantitatively 

 fiised, and corresponding to the quantitative 

 value of m — f ; and that the given quantity 

 (or concentration) flows out from the veins 

 over the wing, producing brown scales, where- 

 ever it happens to come. With increasing 

 inter-sexuality the phenomenon becomes still 

 clearer. A stage is reached, where a white 

 wing shows brown, pigmented venation; in 

 some places a short stream of pigment seems 

 to flow out from a vein. In still more ad- 

 vanced intersexual males, about two thirds 

 transformed into females, only a few pigment 

 spots and stripes are to be found on the wings 

 along the veins. In the female intersexes the 

 opposite process is observed, but the details 

 are somewhat different, showing that these de- 

 pend upon the genetically given wing struc- 

 ture, different in both sexes. 



It seems that this case is an exceedingly 

 clear one, demonstrating the principle ad 

 oeulos. But it may be of even greater sig- 

 nificance. All organs different in the two 

 sexes are affected in some way by the inter- 

 sexuality. There is some hope that it might be 

 possible to obtain by their analysis a similar 

 insight in the process of growth, localization, 

 symmetry, etc., involved in morphogenesis. 



But I think that it is already clear from the 

 foregoing remarks, that we are right, when we 

 reached, independently, the conclusion that the 

 hereditary factor is a determiner for a given 

 mass of ferments; and we can demonstrate it 

 by the fact that a quantitative difference in the 

 potency of hereditary factors causes a parallel, 

 quantitatively different, enzyme production. 

 elchard goldschmidt 

 Osborne Zoological Laboeatort, 

 Yale Univeksity, 

 DeeemlDer, 1915 



EARLY MEETINGS OF THE AMERICAN ASSO- 

 CIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF 

 SCIENCE 



To THE Editor of Science : I am greatly in- 

 terested in statistics published in your issue 

 of December 3, in regard to the oldest members 

 of the American Association for the Advance- 

 ment of Science. 



While my own membership dates only from 

 1870, my knowledge of and interest in the 

 association far antedates that year. It seems 

 almost certain that I have known the associa- 

 tion by attending its meetings longer than any 

 other person now living. 



In 1851, Professor James H. Coffin, of 

 Lafayette College, was a guest at our home in 

 Albany and took me to the meeting in the old 

 Capitol. 



Again in 1856 he was our guest. I was then 

 a pupil at the Albany Academy, a building of 

 historic interest as the place where Joseph 

 Henry installed the first telegraph. One of 

 the sessions of the association was held in the 

 academy park, at which the Dudley Observatory 

 was dedicated. I well remember the delight 

 with which we watched Professor Agassiz 

 draw figures with both hands while he talked; 

 also the eloquent address of Edward Everett. 

 Wm. H. Hale 



40 First Place, Brooklyn, N. Y. 



SCIENTIFIC BOOKS 



The Alligator and Its Allies. By Albert M. 

 ' Eeese, Ph.D., Professor of Zoology in West 



Virginia University. New York, G. P. 



Putnam's Sons, 1915. Pp. xi -f- 342. 62 



figures and 28 plates. 



