400 



SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. XLIII. No. HOT 



horizons, and undoubtedly owes its origin to forces 

 operative at the time of deposition. The coarse 

 breccia, on the other hand, is developed without 

 regard to the limits of the layer and has a patchy, 

 horizontal distribution. In one of the quarries in 

 St. Louis County, Missouri, layers superjacent to 

 a mass of coarsely brecciated limestone are bent 

 down in such a way as to reveal the former pres- 

 ence of a limestone cavern. This structure in con- 

 nection with other features led to the conclusion 

 that the breccia is due to the collapse of the par- 

 tially dissolved layers and of the cavern roof, and 

 that the coarse breccia in western Illinois may 

 have originated in a like manner. 

 Combination of Structures in the Colmar Oil Field 



in Western Illinois: "William C. Moese. 



In the Colmar Oil Field in western Illinois the 

 Hoing sand is productive at 80 to 100 feet above 

 sea level in the Lamouie terrace and at 165 feet in 

 the adjacent Colmar dome. Salt water backs up 

 the oil to the very edge of the terrace and, in fact, 

 fills the lower part of the sand in the terrace itself. 

 It likewise backs up the oil to the very crest of 

 the dome. In some of the non-productive walls 

 the sand is not present. From these facts it is 

 evident that the sand in the terrace and in the 

 dome constitutes two entirely separate patches; 

 and recent development proves that the distribu- 

 tion of the oil and the salt water is dependent upon 

 the structure of each individual patch of sand. 

 In other words, the distribution of the oil and the 

 salt water is not the result of the larger structure 

 alone, but particularly that part of the larger 

 structure within the limits of each sand patch. 

 For example, the distribution of the oil in this 

 area of elevated rocks is confined to the highest 

 part of one patch of sand (terrace) and to the 

 highest part of the other patch (dome). 

 Some Structural Geology of the Piedmont: Johm 



E. Smith. 



The rocks under discussion are located in the 

 "Slate and Schist Belt" in the eastern part of the 

 Piedmont ui North Carolina. A deep layer of 

 mantle rock permits but few outcrops where un- 

 weathered material may be obtained for study. 

 The sedimentary rocks consist of conglomerates, 

 ' ' slates, ' ' and breccias, each of which in places 

 has been silicified. The gneisses and schists are 

 derived from igneous and sedimentary rocks. 

 These "Ancient Crystallines" are intensely 

 folded, have steep dip with axes extending north- 

 east and southwest in Orange County, are much 

 reduced by erosion, and in many places have been 



cut by igneous intnisions and extrusions. The 

 igneous rocks consist of granites, syenites and 

 diorites, occurring as stocks some of which show 

 zonation, and felsites, chiefiy rhyolites, many of 

 which have been sheared and altered. The rhyo- 

 lites nearly all exhibit flow structure and appear 

 prominently as rounded monadnocks and short 

 ranges of low hUls. The dikes are chiefly basic 

 rooks. Contacts are rarely exposed. (Illustrated 

 with structure sections.) 



Geographic Causes in North Carolina: John B. 



Smith. 



The natural divisions of North Carolina are the 

 mountain region, the Piedmont plateau and the 

 coastal plain. The climate varies with the eleva- 

 tion and with the distance from the sea, reaching 

 its maximum range of temperature in the western 

 part and the minimum along the coast. The rain- 

 fall is greatest in the southern part of the moun- 

 tain region and near the sea. Some of the lake 

 and swamp depressions of the coastal plain were 

 formed by unequal deposition near the shore of a 

 former sea and some by low barrier ridges built 

 before the sea withdrew. The water in some of 

 the lakes is partly of artesian origin. The rail- 

 way systems are in topographic adjustment and 

 there are two great power systems, one in the Pied- 

 mont and one on the coastal plain. The value of 

 land is controlled by topography, fertility and 

 accessibility, that of least value being the most 

 remote in the mountains, the most rugged in the 

 Piedmont, and the most swampy on the plain. 

 Mills and factories are located chiefly in the Pied- 

 mont because those first built used water power. 

 Hydro-electric is most popular now. Many of 

 these industries came to the south to reduce ex- 

 penses by operating in a mild winter climate near 

 the raw materials used with cheap labor. The 

 people of the state are distributed in accordance 

 with the above-mentioned influences. (Illustrated 

 with maps and charts.) 



George F. Kay, 



Secretary 



SOCIETIES AND ACADEMIES 



THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 



The 547th regular, and 36th annual meeting of 

 the society was held in the Assembly Hall of the 

 Cosmos Club, Saturday, December 18, 1915, called 

 to order by President Bartsch, at 8 P.M., with 27 

 persons present. 



On recommendation of the council the following 

 persons were elected to active membership: H. E. 



