522 



SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. XLIII. No. Ull 



sonal authority, the degree of his domi- 

 nance and the means available for its 

 transmission. The border regions of this 

 social individual are but little under his 

 influence and may become physiologically 

 isolated in the same way that parts of the 

 organism become physiologically isolated, 

 either by growth in size of the whole so that 

 the dominant personality can not longer 

 control the outljdng portions, by a decrease 

 in his dominance as the result of advanc- 

 ing age, illness or other conditions, by ob- 

 stacles to transmission of his authority, or 

 finally in consequence of local conditions 

 which make the particular group of per- 

 sons more or less independent of or less 

 receptive to the original authority. As in 

 the organism, any of these conditions may 

 result in the reproduction of a new orderly 

 individuality like the old or different from 

 it according to the character of the isolated 

 group and the environmental conditions. 

 The only condition necessary for this sort 

 of reproduction in the physiologically iso- 

 lated part of the social individual is the 

 existence or development of a new domi- 

 nant personality and neither an isolated 

 part of an organism nor a group of human 

 beings can exist for any great length oE 

 time in a natural environment without the 

 appearance of differences of this sort be- 

 tween component parts. 



I have maintained that the orderly 

 physiological individual can not arise on a 

 basis of chemical transportative correlatioa 

 and we can see very readily that the state 

 can not arise on a basis of barter and ex- 

 change or commerce. When once different 

 individualities are established the charac- 

 ter of material exchange may be an im- 

 portant factor in determining their further 

 course of development, but the social in/Ii- 

 vidual originates in authority and its trans- 

 mission, not in the exchange of substance. 



The evolutionary development and dif- 



ferentiation of the social individual also 

 parallels the evolutionary and individual 

 development of the animal organisms. 

 Specialization and differentiation of dif- 

 ferent parts occur as the result of local 

 commercial or other conditions, and the 

 means of transmission and transportation 

 also develop, so that the physiological limit 

 of size increases to an indefinite degree and 

 physiological isolation of parts is much less 

 likely to occur. The governmental author- 

 ity and the means for its transmission de- 

 velop into a complex machine comparable 

 to the nervous system of the animal. 



In fact we can even find a parallel in the 

 organism to the approach toward democ- 

 racy with advancing evolution of the state. 

 The simple organism and the earlier stages 

 of development of the higher forms are 

 fundamentally of the primitive monarchical 

 type. The dominant region is wholly or to 

 a large extent independent of other parts, 

 but dominates them. As organic evolution 

 and development proceed, however, we find 

 sooner or later that the development of the 

 dominant region, the cephalic central ner- 

 vous system, begins to be influenced by 

 subordinate parts. This influence may re- 

 sult either from transmission or transpor- 

 tation. In certain reflexes in the higher 

 organisms there is something very similar 

 to the delegation of authority by the peo- 

 ple to the government. "We might say that 

 in the evolution and development of the 

 organism as in that of the state, govern- 

 ment becomes more and more a representa- 

 tive government. 



These similarities, I am tempted to say 

 these fundamental identities, between the 

 physiological and the social individual are 

 based on the fundamental nature of living 

 things. This close parallelism between 

 those two dynamic individualities seemjs to 

 me to constitute in itself evidence of great 

 importance for the conception of the physi- 



