Apml ai, 1916] 



SCIENCE 



561 



Neilgherry Hills. Successful production of 

 quinine in India and distribution of seedlings 

 all over Burmati and Ceylon reduced the cost 

 so that it could be used by all. Of late years 

 an artificial imitation has been used in the 

 western world and can not be so beneficial. A 

 similar tree with medicinal bark grows in 

 Yucatan and at Cordoba in Mexico. 



In the interesting preface to " Conquest of 

 New Granada" (1912), Markham says that he 

 found valuable drawings of the cinchona 

 plants of Colombia by Mutis, in the toolhouse 

 of the Botanic Garden at Madrid and obtained 

 leave for their publication, edited by J. Tri- 

 ana.^ He afterwards employed Cross to ex- 

 plore the region of 0. PUayensis in Colombia, 

 east of Popayan and Timana, and in 186Y pub- 

 lished a translation of the works of Mutis 

 and Karstan on the cinchona genus; also a 

 handbook in Spanish for the use of cultiva- 

 tors. 



Having joined the Eoyal Geographical So- 

 ciety in 1854, he became honorary secretary 

 to the Hakluyt Society in 1858 and thence- 

 forth some of his time was occupied in re- 

 search for suitable manuscripts that he edited 

 and in most cases translated from old Span- 

 ish, no small task. He was private secretary 

 to the Under Secretary of State for India, 

 1862-64, and in 1865 was sent to Ceylon to 

 report on the pearl fisheries. A military ex- 

 pedition to Abyssinia becoming necessary to 

 rescue the British consul and other captives, 

 Markham was sent as geographer, accompany- 

 ing the troops to Magdala. In the " History 

 of the Abyssinian Expedition" (1869), he 

 gives admirable descriptions of the people, the 

 geology and natural history of the land, with 

 maps. 



From 1863 to 1888, as secretary of the Eoyal 

 Geographical Society, he had special oppor- 

 tunities to keep polar enterprises before the 

 public. Through his indomitable energy the 

 ISTares expedition was fitted out in 18Y4 and 

 he accompanied it as far as Greenland. He 

 originated and promoted another expedition 



3 ' ' Nouvelles etudes sur les quinquina, ' ' Paris, 

 1870. 



in 1875-76, when Commander T>. Markham 

 succeeded in reaching latitude 83 degrees, 20 

 minutes and 22 seconds, the highest northern 

 position achieved up to that time. He also 

 worked hard to obtain funds for Captain 

 Scott's first expedition; the tragic end of 

 Scott's party materially shortened his life. 

 African exploration owed much to his encour- 

 agement of the pioneers who during the sixties 

 endeavored to reach the sources of the Nile 

 and discovered the great lakes, and at the Brit- 

 ish Association of 1864 he brought together 

 Livingstone, Speke, Burton, Grant, Kirk and 

 Sir Samuel Baker. Through him the Royal 

 Geographical Society has been of untold bene- 

 fit to scientific explorers by providing them 

 with skilled instruction in nautical astronomy 

 and surveying, etc. His address on the fiftieth 

 anniversary of the society and the Review of 

 Geography in his "Life of Major Eennell" 

 (founder of modern geography), show the ad- 

 vance of the science until it has seemed to 

 have no more worlds to conquer; for many 

 years he was its inspiration and it took new 

 force and meaning under his guidance. 



The Hakluyt Society too has done excel- 

 lently under him, bringing out many good 

 editions of valuable old works of travel. In 

 his address on the fiftieth anniversary in 1896, 

 Sir Clements said: 



Out editors work gratuitously and for mere love 

 of their authors. Every volume has an introduc- 

 tion and is annotated so as to give the reader all 

 the help he ean require in the study of the text. 



Continuing with a graceful reference to the 

 United States " whence we receive so much 

 and such generous support," he added: 



The well-being of the Hakluyt Society is a 

 symptom and not an insignificant one, of healthy 

 tendencies of thought and healthy aspirations 

 among the peoples who speak the English lan- 



The Founder's Medal of the Eoyal Geo- 

 graphical Society was bestowed on him in 

 1888 ; he was president from 1893 to 1906, re- 

 maining as vice-president to 1912; was also 

 president of the International Geographical 

 Congress, 1895-99; admitted as F.E.S., in 



