562 



SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. XLIII. No. ,1112 



1873, and as F.S.A. about the same time and 

 was president of the Hakluyt Society from 

 1889. In 1896 he was given the K.C.B., and 

 other honors included a grand prix at the 

 Paris Exposition of 1867 for the introduction 

 of the cinchona cultivation into India; the 

 order of the Rose from the emperor of Brazil, 

 and of Christ from the king of Portugal. He 

 married in 1857 a lady of the ancient family 

 of Chichester. It is remarkable that the two 

 branches of the family, both living in Devon, 

 have never intermarried since the reign of 

 Edward the Second, about 1310. 



With Lady Markham he attended the meet- 

 ings of the International Congress of Ameri- 

 canists at Stuttgart (1904) and Vienna 

 (1908), and as president of the eighteenth 

 congress (London, 1912), his support was most 

 generous and energetic. He had hoped to take 

 part in the nineteenth congress, held in Wash- 

 ington, December 27-31, 1915, for his heart 

 was always drawn towards South American 

 research, and he desired to aid it as far as pos- 

 sible. In a written message to members of 

 the congress, he said: 



I regret extremely to be unable to attend, for I 

 am deeply impressed with the great value and im- 

 portance of these meetings. They are intended, as 

 one main object, to supply to the minds of young 

 explorers and students the best methods of obtain- 

 ing accurate information and of using it when ob- 

 tained. I think it should be impressed upon the 

 rising generation of Americanists that study alone 

 is insufficient for securing really satisfactory re- 

 sults ; and that exploration and the collection of an- 

 tiquities is not enough. The tTPO branches must be 

 combined. The study and use of authorities is by 

 far the most difficult. In using them the character 

 of the authority to be used must be carefully con- 

 sidered as well as his opportunities and his date. 

 One great stumbling block for young students, 

 whether in the study or in the field, is the adoption 

 of a theory, leading to the search for its support. 

 ... A true worker should have no theory. 



I wish to submit my view to the congress that 

 there is a splendid field for almost a life work in 

 a study of the ancient civilization in the Peruvian 

 coast valleys from Tumbez south. As yet it has 

 not been touched by any one who is alike a diligent 

 student with a profound knowledge of all that has 

 been written in the past, together with the survey- 



ing, architectural and mechanical acquirements 

 needed for a thorough examination of all that is to 

 be found on the spot, and in museums. ... I look 

 upon a complete and thorough investigation of the 

 history of the Chimu kingdom as one of the chief 

 Americanists' desiderata. 



Sir Clements Markham's life was full of 

 achievements, such as would have been possible 

 only to one fitted with extraordinary power and 

 versatility. To have established in India and ' 

 throughout the East, as he did, the cultivation 

 of a prophylactic for the desolating malarial 

 disease was a great service to htmianity. Of 

 boundless enthusiasm and tenacity of purpose, 

 his ambitions were of the highest type, and 

 his appreciation of the efforts of others to 

 reach the points at which he aimed, was gen- 

 erous to the extreme. He was indeed a man in 

 whom his countrymen could discern the best 

 and most sterling qualities of their race. 



A. C. B. 



PRINCIPAL CAUSES OF DEATH IN THE 

 UNITED STATES 



According to a preliminary announcement 

 with reference to mortality in 1914, issued by 

 Director Sam. L. Eogers, of the Bureau of the 

 Census, Department of Commerce, and com- 

 piled by Mr. Richard C. Lappin, chief statis- 

 tician for vital statistics, more than 30 per 

 cent, of the 898,059 deaths reported for that 

 year in the " registration area," which con- 

 tained about two thirds of the population of 

 the entire United States, were due to three 

 causes — heart diseases, tuberculosis and pneu- 

 monia — and more than 60 per cent, to eleven 

 causes — the three just named, together with 

 Bright's disease and nephritis, cancer, diarrhea 

 and enteritis, apoplexy, arterial diseases, diph- 

 theria, diabetes and typhoid fever. 



The deaths from heart diseases (organic 

 diseases of the heart and endocarditis) in the 

 registration area in 1914 numbered 99,534, or 

 150.8 per 100,000 population. The death or 

 mortality rate from this cause shows a marked 

 increase as compared with 1900, when it was 

 only 123.1 per 100,000. 



Tuberculosis in its various forms claimed 

 96,903 victims in 1914, of which number 84,366 



