June 2, 1916] 



SCIENCE 



793 



500 years. In the year 1000, according to the 

 more credible form of the saga, his son Lief dis- 

 covered Vinland or Wineland, otherwise the main- 

 land of America. His sister-in-law, Gudrid, and 

 her husband, Thorfinu Karlsefni, explored a part 

 of the American coastline, about the years 1003 to 

 1006, but failed in the attempt to establish a per- 

 manent settlement. Mainland America was prob- 

 ably repeatedly visited from Greenland and Ice- 

 land. One such visit is recorded positively as oc- 

 curring in 1347. 



Before 1367 a Breton expedition met with par- 

 tial disaster at an island farther south and west 

 than the Brazil before referred to. It would nat- 

 urally be some point on or ofiE the lower American 

 Atlantic coast line, possibly Cape Cod or the Ber- 

 mudas. Many maps show this more remote is- 

 land, usually of crescent form, and most often 

 having the name Man (Mam) or Mayda. 



Probably Behaim's globe of 1492 is substan- 

 tially right in stating that a Spanish (Portu- 

 guese?) vessel sailed to Antillia in 1414. Bee- 

 earia 's map of 1435 presents as ' ' Newly reported 

 islands" an insular group of four — Antillia, Sal- 

 vagio, Reylla and I in Mar. These are repeated 

 more or less completely on the maps of Bianco, 

 1436; Pareto, 1455; Eoselli, 1648, the Weimar 

 map sometimes credited to 1424, but probably 

 Freducci's about 1481, Benineasa, 1482, and the 

 Laon globe of 1493. They must be what Justin 

 Martyr (1511) calls "The Islands of Antillia." 

 Apparently the latter island was Cuba. 



The 1448 map of Bianco shows a long coast line 

 on the edge of the parchment opposite Cape Verde, 

 with an inscription in a Venetian dialect, vari- 

 ously read as stating 1,500 miles for the interval 

 or the length of shore. It would seem that some 

 one may have anticipated the experience of Cabral 

 in reaching South America by this route. The 

 discussion of this point before the Geographical 

 Society brought out an elaborate review of the 

 Portuguese records of westward discovery by J. 

 Batalho Reis, which presents many valuable items 

 of western discovery. But there seems nothing in 

 them clearly to indicate voyages to America be- 

 fore Columbus. Divers other claims have been 

 made for Normans, Poles, Basques and Orkney- 

 men, but are hardly to be trusted. 



Vineland — Its Probable Location: A. Gaqnon. 



In what part of North America was Vineland 

 located? The author attempts to throw some light 

 on the question through the help of the sagas, 

 which date from the twelfth to the fourteenth 



century, and which recount the earliest voyages to 

 Greenland and Vineland. 



Pan-Amerioan Topic: Adrian Eecinos. 



The author considers of prime necessity the con- 

 servation of architectural monuments and of all 

 objects belonging to the domain of archeology 

 and anthropology, in order to be able to arrive at 

 a clear notion of the pre-Columbian history of the 

 Western Hemisphere. He believes it entirely feas- 

 ible that the different American countries should 

 pass uniform laws for the protection of antiquities, 

 since the laws on this subject show great similar- 

 ity in the different countries to-day. What he 

 thinks has been lacking up to the present time in 

 the different countries is a special legislation 

 aimed to encourage systematic investigations in 

 the field of archeology and anthropology. He be- 

 lieves it advisable that the American governments 

 should agree that the existing museums and li- 

 braries in the respective countries should harmon- 

 ize their -work and exchange duplicate objects 

 which they may possess. 



Anthropology in the Museum of the Buffalo So- 

 ciety of Natural 8cien<:es: Henry R. Howland. 

 From its organization in 1861 the Buffalo So- 

 ciety has been active in the collection and study 

 of anthropological and ethnological material, in 

 which direction its collections and publications 

 are especially noteworthy. In late years its activ- 

 ities have been greatly increased and its archeo- 

 logical collections materially augmented by sys- 

 tematic field work and careful study of results. 

 Mr. Howland 's paper calls attention to the rich- 

 ness of materials for such investigation and study 

 in western New York, where, in pre-historic and 

 early historic days, the aboriginal inhabitants were 

 notably the Indians of the Neutral Nation, the 

 Wenrohronons, and southward and westward of 

 the Niagara frontier, the ^people called by the 

 Jesuits the "Nation of the Cat." All of these 

 ancient sites, burial places, etc., have been critically 

 examined and studied by the Buffalo Society, and 

 the results, with maps, etc., published in a bulle- 

 tin of 150 pages in 1909. 



A later bulletin described by Mr. Howland 

 covers rich results of field work carried on further 

 eastward where those large Seneca towns were de- 

 stroyed by the French Governor Denonville in 

 1687. Another bulletin is now ready for the press 

 in which are traced the early migrations of the 

 Seneca .before their discovery by white men. 



Mr. Howland briefly calls attention to the large 

 educational work which has been carried on by the 



