864 



SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol XLIII. No. 1120 



for accepting Garcilasso 's rather than Sarmiento 's 

 version of the rise of the empire. 



A short survey of conditions in the Andean area 

 prior to the rise of the Incas. 



The reigns of the earlier Incas, those before 

 Inca Eocca, briefly considered, the accessions of 

 territory gained by each one (except the first two) 

 shown by maps. The reigns of the Incas from 

 Eocca to Huira-ccoeha, inclusive, considered with 

 special reference to the Chanoa rebellion. A 

 rather full enumeration of the conquests made by 

 Pachacutec, together with a few remarks on the 

 buildings erected by him and on the reforms in 

 administration he introduced. An account of the 

 reign of Tupac Yupanqui, with a presentation of 

 the evidence pointing to his having reached some 

 islands in the ocean out of sight of land. Con- 

 cluding remarks, the empire at its zenith, the 

 cataclysm. 



A complete bibliography of works referred to 

 in the paper. 

 Notes of Venemielan Archeology: Luis I. Okamas. 



The present paper contains the description of 

 archeological exploration made by the author in 

 the western and southwestern part of Venezuela. 

 The region explored comprises the states of Ara- 

 gua, Carabobo, Cojedes, Portuguesa, Zamora and 

 Apure. 



The first part of the paper refers to the explora- 

 tion of the islands and shores of the lake of 

 Valencia and other adjacent places. The tumuli 

 and mounds of earth made by human hands, and 

 the implements and human remains found, are de- 

 scribed. According to the author not all of the 

 mounds contained bones and implements; in some 

 of them only bones alone are found. The author 

 refers expressly to the vessels which he discovered 

 in the interior of the lake, vessels which the In- 

 dians filled with human ashes. 



The second part of the paper is confined to the 

 causeways and mounds of the plains of the states 

 of Portuguesa and Zamora. The causeways or ele- 

 vations of consolidated earth, of variable height 

 and slope, are constructed in the lowlands, which 

 are flooded in the rainy season. The causeways 

 frequently communicate with mounds similar to 

 those in the United States which are referred to 

 as having been made by the mound builders. The 

 author describes these mounds and the objects 

 which he discovered in them after making his ex- 

 cavations. The author thinks that these monu- 

 ments were not constructed solely as tombs, but 

 also as sacred places, and chiefly as military ob- 



servatories. The author describes in detail and 

 separately the different causeways and mounds 

 visited by him. 



In the third part of the paper the author refers 

 to the tribes to which belonged the aborigines who 

 peopled the states of Portuguesa and Zamora. 



The paper, which is accompanied by lists of 

 works consulted, contains a series of photographs 

 and a map of regions in which the explorations 

 were made. 



Jade in Brazil: Antonio Carlos Simoens da 



SiLVA. 



The prehistoric art products of jade and of 

 rough jade, all found in the state of Bahia. The 

 locality where these art products, in a certain 

 abundance, and the rough material have been 

 found, suggesting their existence in various beds. 

 The variety of very hard rocks, their existence, ac- 

 companying the jade. Explorations made by the 

 writer and trustworthy opinions on the subject 

 given by the inhabitants, some of them differing 

 from those presented by Mr. Ehristovam Barreto. 

 The analysis and the specific weight of this green 

 rock and its pretended curative property. The 

 opinion of the Brazilian inland people about these 

 art products. 



The Grindstones of the Primitive Inhabitants of 

 Cdbo Frio, Brazil: Antonio Caklos Simoens da 



SiLVA. 



Some of the Indian tribes who inhabited 

 formerly, by preference, the coast regions of 

 Brazil. Their permanence in the old captaincy of 

 ' ' Sao Thome, ' ' to-day state of Eio de Janeiro. 

 Their large grindstones in ' ' Cabo Frio, ' ' county 

 of this Brazilian state, where they prepared their 

 arms and utensils. The accurate study of ten of 

 these granite blocks, their measurements and their 

 grooves. 



Eeferences to the other class of Indian grind- 

 stones, named ' ' shingles, ' ' which they carried 

 with them. 



Tlie Alaculufs and Yahgans, the World's South- 

 ernmost Inhabitants: Chaelbs "Wellington 



PtXRLONG. 



The Puegian Archipelago lying south of the 

 Strait of Magellan and the Patagonian Archi- 

 pelago, lying north of it, is a grand, desolate re- 

 gion with precipitous shores covered mostly with 

 rain-soaked bog and impenetrable forests. We 

 find among the four primitive tribes occupying it, 

 two which are canoe peoples, the Alaculufs to the 

 west and north, the Yahgans to the east and south. 



