900 



SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. XLIII. No. 1121 



or did the Gonorhynehids early develop a type 

 of scale-structure which has survived here and 

 there in remote descendants? The actual 

 origin of this type of scale may date back of 

 the Gonorhynehids, but it is nevertheless a 

 specialized structure, which in the absence of 

 evidence to the contrary would be thought to be 

 of relatively recent origin. 



t. d. a. coceeeell 

 Universitt of Colorado 



ANTHROPOLOGY AT THE WASHING- 

 TON MEETING 



IV 



The European and the American Child: Paul E. 



Radosavljevich. 



On the basis of a summary study of 50,000 

 Europeans and 50,000 American school children, 

 represented by various European and American 

 authors, it is shown that the most important fac- 

 tors are: (1) age, (2) sex, (3) race; and the 

 least important are (4) school brightness, and (5) 

 environment. The general average values of these 

 measurements for both European and American 

 pupils are very much alike, the difference being 

 most evident in their variations. American pupils 

 vary more than their European brothers and sis- 

 ters at all the school ages studied (5-20 years). 

 Hebrew children show the greatest variation; then 

 Anglo-Saxon; then Latin, and least variation is 

 shown by Slav pupUs. If we take in account, how- 

 ever, not the variation based on general arith- 

 metical averages, but on individual cases of such 

 racial groups, then we see that the difference in the 

 variation (or distribution) of one group, say the 

 Slavic group, is greater than the difference of 

 variation between two groups. 



This variation, however, is not uniform for all 

 measurements: that for body heights and weights 

 is the greatest, while that for the two common 

 head diameters is the least. This might be due, of 

 course, to the inaccuracy of measurements, or to 

 the statistical treatment, or to the personal equa- 

 tion of the investigators, or to the collective method 

 of taking the measurements, etc., or to all of these 

 factors. It is, therefore, for the present at least, 

 very hard to accept many of the conclusions de- 

 rived from these data, for it is an established fact 

 that a mere statistical interpretation of these re- 

 sults is not eo ipso a biological-anthropological 

 possibility, nor, furthermore, that such a possibil- 

 ity carries with it a pedagogical necessity. 



Pedagogical Anthropology in the United States: 



Paul B. Radosavljevich. 



Physical anthropology of pupils in the United 

 States is beginning to develop along scientific 

 lines, both in regard to the method of collecting 

 data and in describing and explaining these induc- 

 tive facts. The purpose of school anthropometric 

 investigation in the United States has been based 

 on all kinds of criteria, but not on primarily 

 scientific-pedagogical criteria. These criteria 

 might be grouped into (o) statistical-correlative 

 (Boas, Bowditch, Porter, Peckham, Byer, Mae- 

 donald. West, Baldwin, et al.; (6) hygienic-com- 

 parative (Sargent, Hitchcock, Seeley, Seaver, 

 Crampton, Puld, Smedley, Hastings, et al.) ; (c) 

 pathological-comparative (Wyley, Bar, Goddard, 

 et al,). 



Scientific anthropological criterion in the study 

 of physical traits of children and youth is sug- 

 gested in the works of Dr. Ales Hrdlicka and B. 

 A. Gould, who combine the spirit of three great 

 European schools in pedagogical anthropology 

 (Meumaiin-Martiii school in Germany, Godin 

 school in France, and Sergi school in Italy). This 

 criterion might be called biological-pedagogical, a 

 criterion which has been more or less propagated 

 among educators by G. Stanley Hall's "Adoles- 

 cence," and the recently translated Montessori's 

 ' ' Pedagogical Anthropology, ' ' the only two gen- 

 eral books on pedagogical anthropology published 

 in the United States. 



The future of scientific pedagogical anthropol- 

 ogy in the United States will depend largely on 

 the establishment of (a) an anthropological-peda- 

 gogical museum, (6) an anthropological-peda- 

 gogical laboratory, and (c) special academic chairs 

 for pedagogical anthropology, the scientific disci- 

 pline of which will be binding on all those who are 

 studying education, psychology, sociology and 

 criminology. 

 The Comparative Convolutional Complexity of 



Male and Female Brains: E. E. Southard. 



The material for the study consists of brain 

 photographs (six views of each brain) in the col- 

 lection of the Massachusetts State Board of In- 

 sanity, derived from over 500 brains in the pos- 

 session of various state and private institutions of 

 Massachusetts, including so-called ' ' normal ' ' 

 brains and brains from a variety of psychopathic 

 subjects. The method of the study is numerical, 

 based upon counts of fissures and fissurets. The 

 results, so far as interpretable, show no great sex 

 difference in degree of fissuration. 



