January 26, 1894. 
so. But meanwhile there isno good reason for condemning 
the use of insecticides and fungicides because they have 
not proved to be the universal panacea for all the farmers’ 
ills. 
I believe it may be asserted without fear of successful 
contradiction that fungicides, and especially Bordeaux 
mixture, properly made and properly used, will repay many 
times over the cost of manufacture and application. When 
in addition to this we have good farming there is every 
reason for confidently expecting results which without 
their aid it would have been impossible to secure. 
JosrpH F. James. 
Washington, D. C., Dec. 22, 1893. 
Expressions of Emotion in Birds’ Song. 
From the note of Mr. B. S. Bowdish I see that ,Sczence 
has taken up the question of expression of emotions in the 
“song” of birds. First of all, I hope to be allowed to 
refer to Severin Petersen’s excellent book, ‘‘ Vore Lang- 
fugle’”’ (Our Singing Birds), published by Gad in Copen- 
hagen, Denmark. 
Then, I wish to immortalize the name of Hans, a canary, 
bird, and a comfort to our home for about eight years. I 
have watched this bird, and know more about him than 
anybody else. 
1. When I entered my rooms, and called him by name, 
he would say his ‘‘ pip” with a sweet, whistling sound ; 
he plainly was glad, and whenever I repeated his name his 
kind ‘‘ pip’ would sound through even three walls. 2. 
When he happened to see his enemies, the sparrows, or 
another male bird, Hans used to start a loud, shrill 
“song,” laying his wings close to his body, while the 
feathers on his throat were standing almost straight out from 
the skin. Thisshrill song was different from 3, the song 
that came from him (a) when he was singing to the female 
or (2) when he sang just because he was glad. 4. If any- 
body scared our bird, a ‘‘ pip”’ was heard from him, but 
different from that mentioned under 1. It was now 
uttered subdued, soffo voee, and with the bill closed ; it 
sounded like ‘‘ mi-i.”” This was especially the case when 
the bird saw a hat ; there was nothing in the world of 
which the bird was more afraid than a hat or an umbrella. 
Though I am tempted, I shall venture no generalizations. 
When he became excited, he would sing even while eating, 
and so he would when he saw me. A Dracaena now 
shades his grave. Here is a question which should be 
taken up, like that of expression of emotion in man. 
Abundance of facts is noted (see the various volumes of 
Humboldt) and may be collected from many sources. It 
is a fascinating biological question which ought to be 
worked up experimentally also. I agree with Mr. Bowdish 
that there are many observers of birds who could not fail 
to see expressions of emotion in birds’ song, when their 
heart is in their study. Stating the facts above, I hope 
that somebody will take up the question. I should be 
much mistaken if all conscious beings gifted with a voice 
could not express their emotions that way. 
J. CuristTian Bay. 
Ames, Iowa, Dec. 11, 1893. 
BOOK-REVIEWS. 
The Ore Deposits of the United States. By James F. 
Kemp, A.B., E.M., Professor of Geology in the 
School of Mines, Columbia College. New York, 
The Scientific Publishing Company. 1893, 256 p., 
ill., $4. 
PROBABLY no branch of geology is possessed of so scant 
a literature as is that treating of its economical relations, 
and yet certainly no branch of this science is more 
SCIENCE. 
aS) 
deserving of notice from its highly practical bearing upon 
the development of a country’s resources. Prof. J. D. 
Whitney’s ‘‘ Metallic Wealth of the United States” (1854) 
was eagerly welcomed, but while this work has become 
classic it has become, also, of mere historical value. 
New mines have been opened in regions then unknown, 
new resources have been discovered and new methods of 
metal winning introduced, while, on the other hand, 
deposits then of greatest value have been worked out and 
deserted, and this not alone in the case of individual 
mines but over vast fields embracing wide areas of 
country. It is then in the scattered literature and in the 
works of foreign authors that American students of to-day 
have been compelled to seek a knowledge of American 
ore deposits. Moreover, the class most in need of this 
information, and for whom it would have the greatest 
value, is precisely that class to whom, from location and 
other causes, this scattered and foreign literature is least 
available. Nor are the foreign authors exact in their 
descriptions of American localities; authoritative writing 
can only come with extended study and the personal 
acquaintance gained by residence. For purposes of study 
and reference a correlation of our literature is necessary, 
and this can, necessarily, be accomplished only by one 
thoroughly-acquainted with the ore deposits themselves. 
The present work by Prof. J. F. Kemp has been 
received with greatest applause by all interested in 
mining and in economic geology. Concise in itself, it 
supplies an exhaustive reference to original papers, and 
places at once in the hands of the student or engineer a 
key to more extended research. As stated by the author 
in his preface, the purpose of the book is two-fold; first, 
it is intended to supply a condensed account of the 
metalliferous resources of the country which will be read- 
able and serviceable as a text book and work of reference; 
and, second, it is hoped that the work will stimulate a 
study of the phenomena described. In carrying out this 
purpose the best work of recent investigators on the origin 
and changes of rocks, by microscopic study, and by the 
artificial production of ore and gangue material, has been 
constantly kept in mind. An acquaintance with geology 
and mineralogy is presupposed, only the more general 
geological facts and principles being given in Chapter I., 
together with the geological scale and the geographical 
distribution of the principal geological groups. Chap- 
ter II. discusses the formation of cavities in rocks, em- 
bracing those produced by local contraction and those 
formed by the more extensive movements in the earth’s 
crust. Chapters III. and IV. treat of the minerals im- 
portant as ores and on the filling of mineral veins. 
Lateral secretion, ascension by infiltration, replacement 
and other theories are here ably discussed, the author 
rejecting the contemporaneous formation, decension and 
sublimation of von Cotta’s summary in the Zrs/agerstatten. 
The theory of electrical activity, once so popular, is 
given in brief at the end of Chapter V. This chapter 
describes in some detail the structural features of mineral 
veins, the changes in character of vein filling and the 
secondary alteration of the minerals in veins. Chapter 
VI., the last of Part I., discusses exhaustively the classi- 
fication of ore deposits. While a systematic arrangement, 
such as is possible in mineralogy, would fail in the 
grouping of ore deposits owing to the diversity of material 
and lack of definite demarkations, still this subject is of 
vast importance, and a classification is absolutely neces- 
sary to intelligent discussion and description. The 
author has given in summary the various classifications 
which have been proposed, grouping them under the fol- 
lowing several heads: a. schemes involving the classifica- 
tion of veins only; 4. schemes based upon form; c. 
schemes based partly upon form, partly upon origin; 
