94 
work tells what progress has been made since, both in the 
establishment of schools and inimproving the methods of 
teaching. The difficulty of teaching language to the deaf 
has made it necessary to confine the instruction for the 
most part to the elementary branches; but the higher 
education has been given to many pupils, and as the time 
for instruction has been lately increased by admitting 
the pupils at an earlier age, the opportunities for higher 
education are now much improved. Special care is taken 
in many of the schools to train the pupils in some me- 
chanical art, sothat they may become self-supporting; and 
these measures have been attended with gratifying results. 
The system of oral teaching and lip-reading, though 
long practised in Germany, was not introduced into this 
country until 1867, when the first school to employ it, the 
Clark Institution at Northampton, Mass., was opened 
under the presidency of Mr. Gardiner G. Hubbard. A 
few years later Mr. Bell adapted his father’s system of 
visible speech to the instruction of the deaf, and under his 
enthusiastic advocacy oral teaching has rapidly grown in 
favor, and is now employed in a large percentage of cases. 
At first, indeed, it was opposed even by some of the ablest 
teachers, who believed it would be detrimental to the 
pupils themselves; but experience has so shown that. for 
many pupils it is really the best method. Besides oral 
teaching, many other improvements have been introduced 
from time to time, until now the American schools for the 
deaf are equal to any in the world. 
Of the Canadian schools described in the third of these 
volumes, several are private Catholic institutions, and 
their history is written in French; but the Canadian 
governments have not neglected their duty in the matter, 
and the deaf children of the provinces are now as well cared 
for as our own. Mexico is farmore backward, only one 
school having yet been established; and much remains to 
be done to bring that country upto the level of her north- 
ern neighbors. For further details of the work described 
in these volumes we must refer the reader to the books 
themselves, and we are sure that he will rise from the 
perusal with a fuller appreciation of the good which the 
schools for the deaf are doing, and with the best wishes 
for both teachers and pupils. 
Die Riuinenstatte von Tiahuanaco. By A. StuBEL and M. 
Unter. With one chart and forty-two plates. Breslau, 
C. T. Wiskott, 1892. 
In the present work the learned authors have given the 
results of Dr. Stiibel’s investigations at Tiahuanaco, 
together wlth an exhaustive presentation of what is known 
about the history and traditions connected with the ruins 
which have attracted so much attention since the earliest 
times. The amount of information collected by Dr. 
Stiibel during astay of a little more than a week is really 
astounding. His measurements give us for the first time 
an adequate idea of the curious stone carvings and archi- 
tectural pieces which have been described by D’Orbigny, 
von Tschudi and Squier. We also find here for the first 
time accurate reproductions of the interesting reliefs which 
are found on the facade of the large monolithic gateway. 
Besides these figures illustrating the ruins which were in- 
vestigated by Dr. Stiibel, the book contains a large. map 
and a panorama illustrating the situation and the scenery 
in which the ruins are found. It was an exceedingly 
difficult task to interpret the meaning of the curious stone 
carvings which showed plainly that they were intended for 
architectural purposes, but which were scattered about on 
the site of the ruins. ‘lhe authors have succeeded in 
showing clearly which way the stones were intended to be 
joined together, and have succeeded in constructing by 
means of models of these stones a facade figured on Page 
38 of the work, which has certain analoga among the 
known remains of ancient Peruyian civilization, 
SCENIC. 
Vol. XXIII. No. 576 
In the discussion of the probable origin of the ruins the 
authors have reached the conclusion that the ancestors of 
the Aymara were probably their builders. The large and 
interesting figure over the gateway of Tiahuanaco is in- 
terpreted as the Deity of Light. 
It must be added that the printing and the plates of the 
work are beautifully executed. The work ranks in im- 
portance with the former contributions from Dr. Stiibel 
on the ancient civilization of South America. 
Science and- Education. By VHomas H. Huxiry. New 
York, D. Appleton & Co. $1.25. 2S 
Tuis, the third volume of Professor Huxley’s ‘‘ Collec- 
ted Essays,’’ consists of a number of papers and addresses, 
most, if not all, of which have been published in some 
form before. The first one, on Joseph Priestley, is 
commemorative of a prominent worker in science and 
other departments, and will interest those who like to 
trace the history of knowledge and opinion. 
remaining essays deal with various aspects of the educa- 
tional problem, especially in its relations to pure and 
applied science. Some of them are devoted to general 
education, both elementary and higher, while others 
discuss the more special topics of medical and technical 
education. On the last-named subject Mr. Huxley speaks 
with some hesitation, and, while insisting on the im- 
portance of scientific training asa preparation for the 
higher kinds of technical work, maintains that handicrafts 
can only be learned in the workshop. Medical education, 
he thinks, needs to be improved in two ways, by excluding 
some subjects that are commonly included in it and by 
making the study of the remaining subjects more 
thorough and profound; and it is somewhat remarkable 
that one of the studies that he would exclude from the 
medical curriculum is his own favorite science of com- 
parative anatomy. In treating the subject of education 
in general, Mr. Huxley, as our readers know, has always 
been a strong advocate of a more thorough and extensive 
study of physical science, and his influence in promoting 
that study has doubtless been considerable; yet he is by 
no means unmindful of the just claims of other studies. 
Metaphysics and theology are of course excluded from 
his curriculum; but he lays stress on the need of logic 
and psychology as well as of ethics and the social sciences, 
and he shows a keen appreciation of the ‘‘ pleasure with- 
out alloy’’ to be derived from the arts of beauty. Several 
points in his discussion of university education might give 
occasion for criticism if we had space and time for the 
purpose, yet with the greater part of his views we cor- 
dially agree, and, even where we are obliged to dissent, 
we generally find his remarks suggestive. Consisting, as 
the book does, of separate essays prepared at various 
-times during a period of forty years, it lacks the sys- 
tematic character of a regular treatise; yet it is well 
worth the attention of all professional educators, and 
especially of the teachers of physical and medical 
science. 
The Dawn of Astronomy; A Study of the Temple-worship 
and Mythology of the Ancient Egyptians. By J. Nor- 
MAN Lockyer, F.R.S.. New York and London, 
Macmillan and Co., 1894, 432 p. 
Tuts handsome volume, presented on excellent paper, 
in clear type, and with abundant illustrations, will be con- 
sidered a valuable addition to the early history and arch- 
eology of Egypt and Babylonia, even by those who are 
unable to accept the author’s deductions in many of their 
‘details. 
He certainly shows by a variety of evidence that most 
of the earliest architectural monuments were constructed 
with reference to the positions of heavenly bodies at 
certain seasons; and therefore that the close observation 
athier 
