TWELFTH YEAR. 
Vou. XXIII. No. 577. 
FEBRUARY 23, 1894. 
(CON a WAS) 
Some Recent Work on CLays. G. Perry Grimsley 99 
A Pea For THE SruDy oF THE PHILOSOPHY OF 
Matnemarics. Franklin A, Becher © o + 100 
Tire Loco-Wrep. W. Thornton Parker, M.D. . I0r 
Nores on Geomys Bursarius, THE Pocker-GorHEer 
Henry Leslie Osborn, Ph.D... 5 a : . 102 
An IMPEACHMENT oF ‘‘ScHoot Borany.” George H. 
Hudson 5 3 2 : 3 S 3 c = LO3 
Current Notes on AntTHROPOLOGY.—No. XL. 
Edited by D. G. Brinton 6 é F « 105 
EarTHQuakEes IN AusrRALasia.—lIIl. George 
Hogben, M.A. . : 6 6 ° - 5 . 106 
Lerrers To THE Eprror: 
Vorcanic Rocks iN THE KeEwarin. Alfred 
R. C. Selwyn 3 . 0 0 : é . 107 
Inquiry REGARDING FRESH-WATER PEARL FIsH- 
eres. George F. Kunz . : 5 z . 108 
APN QO 
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(THE HUMBOLDT LIBRARY 
OF SCIENCE. 
PROLECTION -ROM LIGHTNING 
is it not true that, in a vague way, the usual conception of the cause of damage by lightning is that 
something (in past ages a ‘‘ thunderbolt’) comes down from the thunder cloud to do the damage ? 
Is it not true that since damage is done by lightning we should seck the mass of matter in which 
this energy must exist just before the flash? Is it not equally true that since Varaday’s time we have 
known that this energy exists inthe column of dielectric (mainly air) extending from the cloud to the 
earth? Do we not know since Lord Kelvin’s experiments that this energy exis 
a state of electrical stress, which stress cannot extend .0075 of a pound per square inch, and that conse- 
quently the amount of energy in each cubic foot of air cannot ed about one foot-pound ? 
. Knowing that the energy just before the flash exists in the column of air between the cloud and the 
earth, which column is indicated in the figure by the dotted lines, and that when the air “ breaks down” and 
the flash comes this energy manifests itself mainly as heat along the central core of this column in what we 
call a flash of lightning, is it not evident that the energy must be transmitted in lines-perpendicular to 
the lines of electrical stress, #.¢., in the main horizontally, indicated in the figure by the arrows? 
From all this, which is a part of our current knowledge, it appears that the problem of protection from 
lightning is a problem in the dissipation of energy ; that the energy to be dissipated, while we know it to be 
considerable, as broken masonry testifies, is but a small part of the whole inyolved in a flash of lightning, 
by far the larger part being dissipated as heat above the roofs of our houses. 
arranged, by the use of considerable masses of metal suitably placed, that there shall be no state of stress 
below the roof of the house, then there will be no energy to be dissipated below that level, and all will go well. 
But it is surely time that the problem of protecting buildings from lightning should be looked upon as one 
in energetics and that it should be appreciated that the energy present cannot be hocus-pocussed out of the 
way but must be dissipated in some harmless manner. 
The deflagration of a pound or two of thin copper ribbon dissipates 
how much we do not know, byt experience shows it isso large that too little 
a house is struck by lightning. 
s in the air on account of 
1f the conditions can be so 
a large amount of energy, 
s left to do other damage when 
This lightning protector, manufactured under patents of N, D. C, 
The amount 
ordered should be sufficent to run lines of the protector from the highest to the lowest points of the build- 
ing, at intervals of about forty feet. 
Hodges, Editor of Sevence, is sent prepaid to any address on receipt of $5.00 per 100 feet. 
Any carpenter can put it on, 
AMERICAN J] IGHTNING 
PROTECTION COMAPNY. 
874 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, 
