30 baker's north YORKSHIRE. 



on the north by a dislocation so considerable that 300 feet of 

 the Lower Shale is exposed, with 40 feet of the Ironstone and 

 Marlstone series above it and the whole thickness of the Upper 

 Shale. From this point to Baytown the beds range nearly level, 

 but on the north they dip so rapidly that within little more than 

 a mile of the village the Lower Shale again sinks beneath the 

 surface and in a mile more the Ironstone series does the same. 

 Opposite Hawsker only a small portion of the Upper Shale is 

 seen at the base of the cliffs. Towards the cliff upon which 

 Whitby Abbey stands it rises slightly, but north of the Esk as 

 far as Sandsend the whole series is depressed beneath the sur- 

 face by dislocations, and for three miles the coast is guarded by 

 banks of glacial clay piled upon a floor composed of the sand- 

 stones of the Inferior Oolite. 



At Sandsend we have the cliffs again with the Upper Shale 

 150 feet thick. At Kettleness, formerly noted for its extensive 

 alum works*, the softer portion of the Upper Shale is 150 feet 

 in thickness, the firm lower nodular band 30 feet, a band of 

 soft shale beneath it 20 feet thick and at the base 20 feet of 

 firm shale, and the upper Ironstone beds form projecting scars. 

 Along the line of the Runswick stream a fault of about 40 feet 

 elevates the beds on the north. For some distance beyond 

 Runswick the firm lower band of the Upper Shale forms the base 

 of the cliffs, but as we approach Staithes it rises and the Iron- 

 stone beds again appear. Not far from Staithes there is an 

 oblique dislocation of 15 feet, depressing the beds towards the 

 north. Along the line of the Staithes stream is a third and 

 larger dislocation, with an effect of about 150 feet, which lifts 

 to the top of the cliff, on the north side of the harbour, lower 

 members of the Ironstone series of beds than are to be seen 

 above the surface of the ground on the south side of it. In the 

 magnificent cliffs of Boulby, which are 660 feet in height, we 



* The whole series of alum works along this coast are now (1887) 

 abandoned through the much cheaper production of ammonia alum from 

 gas-residuals. 



