GEOLOGY, 31 



have a beautiful section of the series, including all its members 

 from the top bed downward to a depth of 100 feet in the Lower 

 Shale. From this point this lower bed sinks almost to the sea- 

 level across Skinningrove Bay, rising again in Huntcliff to 180 

 feet and sinking to 50 feet at the termination of the cliff at 

 Saltburn ; and its beds form the ranges of rock which, from the 

 sandy beach at Redcar, extend for about a quarter of a mile 

 into the sea. 



From this point the series spreads inland to form the floor 

 of Eston Nab and its upper boundary is continued along the 

 edge of the hills by way of Upleatham, Highclifl", Roseberry 

 Topping, Leven Head, Burton Head, and the northern edge of 

 the escarpment of the great moorland mass. In Roseberry 

 Topping it attains 1,000 feet, the average rate of dip north-east 

 towards Boulby being 46 feet per mile and due north to Eston 

 Nab 80 feet per mile. Its upper limit is usually marked with 

 great distinctness beneath the Oolitic sandstones, which every- 

 where cover it on the higher levels, but as we proceed towards 

 the west, the upper band becomes more arenaceous in character 

 as compared with the coast sections and was not ever worked 

 profitably for alum. Opposite Stokesley the series attains its 

 maximum elevation of 1,200 feet. The Esk runs down a 

 synclinal fold or trough of the Lias and both in the main dale 

 and along all its tributary streams the Liassic beds are every- 

 where exposed by denudation of the sandstone of the moor 

 tops. From the Stokesley tract due east to the High Peak, 

 its average dip is at the rate of 43 feet per mile, and in the 

 direction of Whitby, eas by north, it is 55 per mile. In the 

 dales of the great moorland mass from Snailesworth eastward 

 by way of Bilsdale, Bransdale, Farndale, Rosedale, and 

 Newtondale, it is also exposed by denudation, thickest in their 

 upper parts and descending gradually along their edges as we 

 pass from north to south. Beyond the western flank of the 

 hill country, where the escarpment turns due south, it extends 

 in an undulated slope which is generally about four miles in 



Feb. 1888. 



