BOTANICAL REPORT — I 878. 13 



The flowering fronds appear always to float on the top of the water, 

 whereas the sterile fronds, unlike those of the other British species 

 oi Lei/ina, are often submersed /// the water. It may be observed 

 that microscopic examination showed distinctly an epidermis 

 composed of cells of flexuous outline as in the other species of 

 Lenma, whereas in Hooker's 'Student's Flora' one of the char- 

 acters of L. trisulca is given '"' Frond without epidermis."* 

 Bundles of acicular crystals— raphides — are plainly seen in this 

 plant. 



Mosses occur plentifully in the neighborhood of Brough, 

 but few HepaticEC were met with. Lichens were abundant as 

 regards individuals, the trunks being covered with corticolous 

 species to an extent not observed in any part of the West Riding 

 hitherto visited by the Union, though far less profusely than at 

 the subsequent meeting at Settle, or indeed than is generally the 

 case on the western slope of England. Parmelia saxatilis, a 

 species not commonly fertile, was found with apothecia in 

 Brantingham Dale. 



SETTLE, JULY 2 0TH, 1 8 78. 



At the next meeting on July 20th the localities explored 

 were Settle, Giggleswick, Feizor and Stackhouse; another route 

 taken was from Malham by Gordale Scar, Malham Cove and 

 Tarn, and Capon Hall to Settle. These places lie in the centre 

 of a rocky mountainous limestone district, at an altitude of 600 

 to 1800 feet, the geological formation being mostly the hard 

 carboniferous limestone, except near Malham Tarn and Capon 

 Hall, where an abrupt and almost total change in the flora marks 

 the passage on to the Silurian slate. The flora of the district 

 was a rich and varied one, more species of flowering plants having 



* Mr. J. G. Baker, F. R.S., by whom this report has been revised, says 

 in reference to this point — '' Lemna trisulca I believe has two kinds of fronds, 

 one barren without epidermis and stomata, the other flowering and producing 

 epidermis and stomata. ' English Botany ' says just the same thing as Hooker's 

 'Student's Flora'; Hegelmaier figures the flexuous epidermal cells with a 

 stomate. It is well you have called the attention of English botanists to the 

 matter. " 



