744 PARMELIACE.E. 



889.) — Gyrophora murina, Ach. ? (Lichen murinus, Acli. ; — E. B. 35, t, 

 2486.) — Peltidea canina, Ach. (Lichen caninus, L. ; — E. B. 32, t. 2299.) — 

 Parmelia perlata ; Ach. (Lichen perlatus, L. ; — E. B. 5 t. 34L) — P. cape- 

 rata, Ach. (Lichen caperatus, L. ; — E. B. 10, t. 654.) — P. physodes, Ach. 

 (Lichen physodes, L. ; — E. B. 2. t. 126.) — Sticta pulmonaria, Ach. (Lichen 

 pulmonarius, L. ; — E. B. 8, t. 572.) — S. scrobiculata, Ach. (Lichen scrobi- 

 culatus, L. ; — E. B. 7, t. 497.) — Stereocaulon paschale, Ach. (Lichen pas- 

 cahs. L. ;— E. B. 4, t. 282,) &c. 



Lichens have been remarked by DC. to possess two distinct classes of 

 characters, the one rendering them fit for being employed as dyes after 

 maceration in urine, the other making them nutritive and medicinally 

 useful to men. Of those used in dyeing, the principal crustaceous kinds 

 are Lecanora Parella, Ach. (E. B. 11, t. 727. Orseille de terre, or Perelle 

 d'Auvergne of the French.) — L. tartarea, Ach. (E. B. 3, t. 156. When 

 sold to the Dyers, it appears in form of a purple powder, called Cudbear, 

 a corruption of Cuthbert, the name of its inventor.) — L. Hcematomma, Ach. 

 (E. B. 7, t. 486.)— Z/. atra, Ach. (E. B. 14, t. 949.)— Fano/ana lactea, 

 Ach. (E. B. 34, t. '2A\0.) — Urceolaria scruposa, Ach. (E. B. 4, t. 266.)— 

 U. cinerea, Ach. (E. B. 25, t. 1751.) — Isidium Westringii, Ach. (E. B. 31, 

 t. 2204.) — Lepraria chlorina, Ach. ; — E. B. 29, t. 2038. Of the foliaceous 

 species : Parmelia saxatiUs, Ach. (E. B. 9. t. 603.) — P. omphalodes, Ach. 

 (E. B. 9, t. 604.)— P. encausta, Ach. (E. B. 29, t. 2049.)— P. conspersa, 

 Ach. (E. B. 30, t. 2097.)— P. parietina, Ach. (E. B. 3, t. \9i.)~Stkta puL 

 monaria, Ach. (E. B. 8, t. 572.)— Solorina crocea, Ach. (E. B. 7, t. 498.)— 

 Gyrophora deusta, Ach ; E. B. 35. t. 2483. — G, pustulata, Ach. (E. B. 

 18, t. 1283) ; — but the most important are : Roccella tinctoria, Ach. (E. 

 B. 3, t. 211.) and R. fuciformis, Ach. (E. B. 1 1, t. 728.) the dye of which 

 is so largely used by manufacturers under the name of Orchall, or Archill, 

 or Orseille des Canaries. The nutritive properties of Lichens probably 

 depend upon the presence of an amylaceous substance analogous to gela- 

 tine, which, according to Berzelius, exists in the form of pure starch or 

 amylaceous fibre, to the amount of 80-8 per cent, in Cetmria islandica, 

 Ach. (E. B. 19, t. 1330,) which is the common Iceland Moss. Other Moss- 

 es, f. ex. Cetraria nivalis, Ach. (E. B. 28, t 1994.) — Sticta pulmonaria, 

 Ach. and Alectoria usneo'ides. Ach. will all answer the same purpose. The 

 Reindeer Moss, which forms the winter food of that animal, is Cladonia 

 rangiferina, Hoifm. (E. B. 3, t. 173.) Borrera? Ashneh, Royle, by the 

 Natives called Chulcheleera, is commonly employed as a dye in India. 

 (Lindl. and Royle.) 



