84 



SCIENCE 



[N. 8. Vol. XLII. No. 1072 



tile sojourn of the subject in the labora- 

 tory, the entire laboratory staff, with a 

 corps of medical experts, was concentrated 

 upon securing simultaneous observations 

 with this subject. A large number of ob- 

 servations of a purely physiological nature 

 were made, such as body-weight, insensible 

 perspiration, temperature fluctuations, 

 pulse-rate, blood pressure and certain ob- 

 servations on the mechanics of respiration. 

 The gaseous metabolism and the alveolar 

 air were also measured. The subject slept 

 each night throughout the experiment for 

 approximately 10 hours inside of the bed 

 calorimeter. He was under surveillance 

 constantly and it was therefore impossible 

 for him to secure any food. As a result he 

 lived entirely upon body substance, and 

 chemical analyses, which included a study 

 of the gaseous, solid and liquid excreta, 

 gave most important data regarding the 

 breaking down of the material inside the 

 body, and the various components most 

 strenuously attacked as a result of the 

 fasting. 



The subject was an ideal one, remaining 

 very quiet. Comparisons of the metabolism 

 and other factors during sleep and during 

 waking were thus perfectly feasible for the 

 first time, and showed the profound influ- 

 ence of sleep upon the metabolism. From 

 the numerous experiments with both the 

 respiration apparatus and the respiration 

 calorimeter and a careful record of the daily 

 activity, the total balance of income and 

 outgo of this man for thirty-one days could 

 be computed with great accuracy. The 

 most important factors of metabolism meas- 

 ured on this subject are indicated on the 

 accompanying chart. 



Simultaneous with the physiological and 

 chemical examination, an important psy- 

 chological study showed that for thirty-one 

 days the subject was able to exist in a 

 fairly normal mental condition. A most 



rigid and careful clinical examination was 

 made every other day and the subject was 

 under the constant supervision of skilled 

 physicians. All the resources of the labo- 

 ratory were brought to bear upon this study 

 and the whole project illustrates in the best 

 manner possible the particular advantages 

 of a laboratory of this type and the pecul- 

 iar obligations of workers in the laboratory 

 to undertake in so far as possible only those 

 researches that can not be satisfactorily 

 studied elsewhere. 



Francis G. Benedict 



NEANDEBTAL MAN IN SPAIN: THE LOWER 

 JAW OF BANOLAS 

 It is not generally realized that the first 

 skeletal remains of what is now known as 

 Homo neandertalensis, or Mousterian man, 

 were found in Spain at Gibraltar in 1848. 

 This preceded the discovery in the valley of 

 the Neander by nine years. In many respects 

 the Gibraltar skull is still one of the most im- 

 portant specimens of this type of early man. 

 Although its distinctive characters were early 

 recognized by both Falconer and Busk, the 

 discovery of the man of Neandertal coming at 

 a more opportune time was the first to win 

 and hold the attention of the scientific world: 

 hence for the name of that race we have 

 Homo neandertalensis instead of H. calpicus 

 (from Calfe, the old name for Gibraltar). 



The history of the Gibraltar skull is almost 

 paralleled by that of another discovery in 

 Spain, not near Gibraltar but in the north- 

 easternmost province, Gerona, near the eastern 

 end of the Pyrenean chain of mountains. 

 Some 23 km. north-northwest of Gerona, the 

 capitol of the province of the same name, in 

 the center of a depression lies the lake of 

 Bafiolas, now only a remnant of what it once 

 was. Immediately to the east of the southern 

 end of the lake is the town of Bafiolas built 

 on travertine beds left by the former greater 

 lake. These rest on early Quaternary red 

 clays and have been exploited extensively for 

 building purposes. The quarry of Don Lo- 

 renzo Roura is near the northern limits of the 



