264 



SCIENCE 



[N. S VOD. XLII. No. 1078 



many industries, founded upon many ele- 

 mental scientific pursuits. Science in real- 

 ity can not be divided and subdivided, but 

 is intricately and firmly bound together so 

 closely that one branch can not develop 

 fully without the other. Accordingly, to 

 grasp a truthful and comprehensive no- 

 tion, the industrial and scientific growth in 

 agriculture should be measured only 

 through all branches of science concerned, 

 all practises involved, and the various in- 

 dustries included. It is this sort of con- 

 cept of science in agriculture I ask you, in 

 my closing sentence, to seek ; and not simply 

 a view which results from a study of a 

 component of the whole. 



Chaeles E. Marshall 

 Massachusetts Agriculitieal College, 

 Amherst 



an analysis pf the medical gboup in 



cattell's thousand leading 



men of science 



The basis of the present study is the list of 

 starred names in the 1906 and 1910 editions of 

 Cattell's " American Men of Science " repre- 

 senting individuals who are engaged in teach- 

 ing or research in medicine or who, though 

 occupying other fields, are directly or indirectly 

 advancing knowledge in the medical sciences. 



The analyses, presented for the most part 

 in tabular form, have been made with the ob- 

 ject of determining 



1. The principal field of activity of each 

 individual. 



2. The overlapping of different fields of 

 activity. 



3. Nativity. 



4. Age. 



5. Sex. 



6. Education as represented by degrees. 



7. Education as represented by institutions. 



8. Post-graduate study. 



9. Service in one or more institutions. 



10. Present distribution with rank. 



11. Lapse of time between degree and fuU 

 professorship. 



12. Change of field of activity. 



13. The clinician's position as an inves- 

 tigator. 



It is true that the entire number of indi- 

 viduals is too small to allow far-reaching con- 

 clusions to be drawn. Medicine in this country 

 is, however, undergoing so many changes — 

 changes which began about twenty-five years 

 ago and will doubtless continue — that it seemed 

 advisable to analyze, for future students of 

 medical education and medical progress, the 

 conditions as represented in Cattell's editions 

 of 1906 and 1910. The trend of these changes 

 and the influence of the development of the 

 medical sciences can be traced even in the first 

 edition and markedly in the second, by sepa- 

 rating the older group of men, limited to chem- 

 istry, anatomy, physiology and pathology from 

 the younger group representing, in addition to 

 these, bacteriology, physiological chemistry and 

 pharmacology. In the absence, however, of 

 definite tables of earlier periods, it is difficult 

 to draw comparison from the first edition, ex- 

 cept such as are possible on the basis of age. 

 If one had tables for, say 1890 to 1895, the 

 period representing the beginning of the rapid 

 development of the laboratory side of medi- 

 cine in this country, the analysis of 1906 and 

 1910 would be of greater value. StiU, it is 

 hoped that the present study will preclude such 

 regrets on the part of some student of medical 

 education who wishes in 1930 to analyze the 

 advances during the period of twenty years 

 preceding his study. 



The basis upon which Cattell selected the 

 names for " American Men of Science," as 

 well as his method of selecting the thousand 

 leading men, are too well known for repetition. 

 It must suffice to state that in the first edition 

 are the records of 4,000 men and women and 

 that the second edition was enlarged to include 

 5,536. The directory is essentially a list, with 

 short records, of individuals working in the 

 natural and exact sciences, and it is presented 

 as " a fairly complete survey of the scientific 

 activity of a country at a given period." 

 Cattell's object in preparing the special list of 

 a thousand leading men was to secure a group 

 for the scientific study of the " conditions on 

 which scientific research depends and so far as 



