August 27, 1915] 



SCIENCE 



265 



may be to improve these conditions." One 

 other point is of importance : although the first 

 edition was published in 1906, the record ap- 

 parently was completed before January 1, 

 1903,1 a^(j ^jjg gjg^ edition therefore refers to 

 conditions as of the latter year. Por this rea- 

 son the list prepared from the first edition will 

 hereafter be referred to as the " 1903 list " and 

 that of the second edition as the " 1910 list." 

 To my use of Cattell's list of a thousand 

 leading men as a basis for the selection of a 

 medical group, there can be, I think, no ob- 

 jection. The group of medical names is all 

 inclusive and represents medical men of every 

 degree of scientific effort. Moreover, as a re- 

 sult of my studies of the special group of 238 

 names, I consider the selection well made; I 

 have found only two names without stars, 

 that in my opinion should have been starred 

 and, on the other hand, only three starred 

 that perhaps did not deserve a star. 



METHODS OF SELECTING THE MEDICAL GROUP 



In Cattell's " thousand men " those repre- 

 senting the medical sciences doubtless fall in 

 the four groups : chemistry, 175 ; pathology, 60 ; 

 physiology, 40; and anatomy, 20.- The three 

 last groups are probably almost entirely com- 

 posed of men working in the medical sciences, 

 while of the first group relatively few are in- 

 terested in medicine. In my classification 

 which gives 179 names in the 1903 list and 59 

 new names in the 1910 list, I have disregarded 

 Cattell's groupings for the reason that I de- 

 sired to obtain a list representing men who are 

 advancing a knowledge of the medical sci- 

 ences without regard to their relation to med- 

 ical schools. Thus embryologists, compara- 

 tive anatomists, chemists and biologists, whose 

 researches bear on medical problems or con- 

 tribute to the methods of the medical sciences, 

 have been included. The list is one of men 

 working in the sciences bearing directly upon 

 medicine rather than of medical men con- 

 cerned with science. 



1 See second edition, pp. 531 and 538. 



^ The other divisions are: physics, 150; zoology, 

 150; botany, 100; geology, 100; mathematics, 80; 

 astronomy, 50; psychology, 50; anthropology, 20. 



Some of the criteria upon which the selec- 

 tion of names was made follow: A person en- 

 gaged in teaching and research in medicine, 

 whether or not possessing the M.D. degree is, 

 of course, included. The possession of the 

 M.D. degree by a person not concerned with 

 medical teaching or research is not suiEcient 

 reason for inclusion unless this person's work 

 has some bearing on medicine; thus a zoolo- 

 gist or biologist with the M.D. degree is not 

 included unless he has been concerned with 

 studies in neurology, embryology or compara- 

 tive anatomy. On the other hand, a biologist 

 without the degree of M.D., but contributing 

 to the knowledge of the anatomy or embryol- 

 ogy of mammals is always included as one con- 

 cerned in advancing the knowledge of the med- 

 ical sciences. Despite these rules, the deci- 

 sion as regards zoologists and biologists has 

 sometimes been difiicult, but has always rested 

 on the relation of research work to medicine. 

 A like difficulty arises in regard to chemistry, 

 especially among the older group representing 

 chemistry before the rise of physiological 

 chemistry. Naturally a chemist whose life 

 work has been the teaching of medical stu- 

 dents is included irrespective of work in other 

 fields; on the other hand, an individual hold- 

 ing a chair in general chemistry and teaching 

 medical students only incidentally, and whose 

 investigations have nothing to do with physio- 

 logical chemistry is not included. So also are 

 judged a few workers in industrial or agricul- 

 tural chemistry; if their work has a direct 

 bearing on normal physiology or the prob- 

 lems of disease, they are included; otherwise 

 not. Thus chemists concerned with the study 

 of metabolism in man or animals, but without 

 medical degree or afiiliation with medical 

 schools, are included, as are also chemists 

 whose problems are those of sanitation and 

 public health closely related to the problems 

 of the acute infectious diseases; on the other 

 hand, sanitary engineers, concerned with water 

 filters, sewage problems, etc., are not. The 

 same holds for bacteriologists ; a bacteriologist 

 of non-medical training or affiliation, studying 

 diseases of animals is accepted; one engaged 

 only in the systematic study of lower plant 



