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SCIENCE 



[N. S Vol. XLII. No. 1078 



forms, or the diseases of plants is not. Psy- 

 chology offers some difficulties. All workers in 

 psychology may be indirectly contributing to 

 the knowledge of normal and abnormal men- 

 tal conditions, but the line has been drawn so 

 as to include only those who use the material 

 afforded by the insane and feeble-minded; 

 that is, those who have entered or are closely 

 in touch with the field of psychiatry; or, on 

 the other hand, are responsible for the teach- 

 ing of medical students. Pharmacists, phar- 

 maceutical chemists and botanists interested 

 in materia medica, although the group is very 

 small, have caused some difficulty. They have 

 been classified, in part, on the basis of the 

 character of their researches, and in part on 

 their medical afiUiations, as either chemists or 

 pharmacologists. 



Under physiologists, plant physiologists have 

 not been included, unless their work has a 

 bearing on pharmacology; all, however, who 

 work on lower animal forms and offer knowl- 

 edge of importance to the understanding of 

 mammalian physiology have been included. 



In two small groups another factor enters; 

 a few individuals have reached a position of 

 importance, in fields distantly related to medi- 

 cine, but owe their success in part, at least, to 

 early efforts in clinical medicine or the med- 

 ical sciences; on the other hand, a few men 

 occupy fields which a few years ago had no 

 relation to medicine but which now are of im- 

 portance in the border-line problems of the 

 medical sciences. In each group the decision 

 has been laid upon the individual's influence 

 upon medical teaching and research. 



CLASSIFICATION 



My classification of the medical group is 

 made according to the predominant interest 

 of the individual. In Cattell's classification 

 all medical effort is distributed under the four 

 important headings of anatomy, physiology, 

 chemistry and pathology, with a possible scat- 

 tering of medical effort under zoology, psy- 

 chology, etc. To bring in the various distinct 

 subdivisions of medicine and its allied sci- 

 ences, and to give a true picture of the activ- 

 ities of the starred men of the medical or near- 



medical group, it has been necessary for me 

 to classify under eleven headings (see Table 

 I.). This has been necessary because a consid- 

 erable number of individuals classified in 

 Table I. as anatomists (including histologists 

 and embryologists) are classified in " Ameri- 

 can Men of Science " as zoologists, biologists, 

 etc. As, however, they are from the medical 

 point of view, and for the purpose of this study, 

 anatomists, they are so grouped. So also in 

 the case of physiologists, pharmacologists and 

 chemists, who may have interests in two or 

 three fields, each individual is grouped in the 

 field in which he has shown the greatest ac- 

 tivity, despite the fact that according to this 

 rule a professor of physiology may be classed 

 as a physiological chemist. The same rule 

 holds for those grouped by Cattell under bac- 

 teriology and hygiene, or under pathology and 

 medicine, etc. Another difficulty arises in the 

 group engaged in the practise of clinical medi- 

 cine ; an individual may be classed in " Amer- 

 ican Men of Science " under " Medicine, 

 Neurology," or " Pathology, Medicine," though 

 in each case neurology or medicine is the prin- 

 cipal field of effort of the individual. Under 

 such circumstances, provided the individual is 

 actually engaged in clinical work, he is given 

 a clinical classification. In some instances 

 this robs the laboratory branches of one or two 

 men, but, as a rule, it is merely a matter of 

 transferring a name from " Medicine " to 

 Surgery, Pediatrics or Psychiatry, as the case 

 may be, and takes out of the group "Pathol- 

 ogy," a number of clinicians who are patholo- 

 gists only in the sense that they are diagnos- 

 ticians of disease. Likewise the free use, by 

 CatteU, of the single designation " Medicine " 

 in the case of a surgeon or a psychiatrist, has 

 necessitated the addition of other fields, as 

 surgery, psychiatry, pediatrics, etc. In all this 

 revision of classification the personal opinion 

 of the writer, based on a knowledge of the 

 work of the individuals concerned, is the chief 

 factor. That this personal element may have 

 led to occasional errors is possible; but for the 

 purpose of distinguishing between the different 

 types of activity, it is believed to be without 

 essential error. 



Whenever possible the analysis of the lists 



