272 



SCIENCE 



[N. S Vol. XLII. No. 1078 



With the exception of the Ph.D. degree, the 

 various degrees are distributed about equally 

 among the several medical sciences. Anatomy, 

 physiology and chemistry, the older and more 

 exact of the group, claim, as would be expected, 

 nearly all the Ph.D. men. 



EDUCATION" AS REPRESENTED BY INSTITUTIONS 



In Table VIII. is presented the group of in- 

 stitutions which have given five or more de- 

 grees to individuals in 1903 and 1910 lists. 

 In this table degrees are tabulated, not indi- 

 viduals, that is, a man receiving the degrees 

 A.B., A.M. and M.D. is tabulated three times; 

 if, in addition, he received a Ph.D. degree, he 

 receives four places.^ The object of the table 

 is to show in a general way the institutions 

 concerned in training the larger number of 

 the group. To limit the tabulation to institu- 

 tions granting five or more degrees is not en- 

 tirely satisfactory, but the list of institutions 



TABLE vin 



Institutions Bepresented by Five or More Degrees; 



1903 and 1910 Lists Combined 



Harvard 



Johns Hopkins 



Columbia 



Yale 



Pennsylvania 



Michigan 



Chicago (including 



Rush Med. School) . . 



Cornell 



Toronto 



Princeton 



New York University 



and BeUevue 



Leipzig 



Wisconsin 



Missouri 



Northwestern 



Amherst 



credited with four, three, two and one degree 

 is so lengthy that tabulation is impossible. 

 Thus three institutions are credited with four 



s There is in this table a slight error due to the 

 fact that Ph.D. men do not always give data con- 

 cerning the bachelor and master's degree. 



8 Including M.B. 



degrees ; six with three ; seventeen with two and 

 one hundred and sixteen with one. The tabu- 

 lation of these in detail serves no good purpose. 

 If we compare Table VIII. with Table VII. 

 we find in regard to the M.D. degree that 106 

 of the 163 medical degrees were given by 12 

 institutions; the remaining 57 being scattered 

 among 35 institutions. Also 60 of the 81 

 Ph.D. degrees were granted by 9 institutions; 

 the remainder representing 13 institutions. 

 211° of the M.D. and 15 of the Ph.D. degrees 

 were granted by foreign universities. Foreign 

 vmiversities giving more than one M.D. de- 

 gree are Toronto, Strassburg, Bonn, Leipzig, 

 Aberdeen and Edinburgh. The only foreign 

 universities which find a place in the table 

 are Toronto and Leipzig. 



Some objection might be raised to the inser- 

 tion in this table of Amherst and Princeton, 

 which do not have medical departments. How- 

 ever, the table is intended to represent gen- 

 eral educational preparation and brings out 

 prominently the important role played by Har- 

 vard, Hopkins, Columbia, Tale, Pennsylvania, 

 Michigan and Chicago — ^the universities repre- 

 sented by more than twenty degrees — in the 

 development of the medical sciences. 



One or two minor points noted in the prep- 

 aration of this table are: 



1. The women's colleges represented are 

 Smith, Eadcliffe, Vassar and Bryn Mawr. 



2. The figures for Toronto, Amherst and 

 Northwestern are based on the 1903 list; no 

 new names occurred in the 1910 list. 



3. Homeopathic schools are represented by 

 two individuals, one working in botany and 

 materia medica and the other in anatomy and 

 anthropology. 



One purpose in preparing Table Vill. was 

 to determine how many men took all their work 

 in one university and whether workers in any 

 one scientific group favored certain univer- 

 sities. The analysis on this point yields the 

 following information : Of 62 individuals with 

 the Ph.D. degree (in 1903 and 1910 lists) 24 

 took all work leading to this degree in one 

 institution, as follows; Johns Hopkins: anato- 



10 Of these 5 were conferred by Canadian; 4 by 

 English, and 12 by German schools. 



