August 27, 1915] 



SCIENCE 



273 



mists, 2; physiologists, 4; pliysiological chem- 

 ists, 2; pharmacologist, 1; Columbia: physiol- 

 ogist, 1 ; physiological chemist, 1 ; psychologist, 

 1; Tale: physiological chemists, 4; physiolo- 

 gists, 2; Harvard: pharmacologist, 1; psychol- 

 ogist, 1; Cornell: physiological chemist, 1; 

 Chicago : physiologist, 1 ; George Washington 

 University: anatomist, 1; and Pennsylvania: 

 chemist and bacteriologist, 1. 



A similar study of men (1903 and 1910, lists 

 combined) with the medical degree shov?s that 

 of 80 receiving their bachelor degree in a uni- 

 versity with a medical department, 40 remained 

 for their medical education while an equal 

 number went elsewhere. Of the first group 

 Harvard claims 16, Pennsylvania 5, Michigan 

 4, and John Hopkins, Tale and Edinburgh, 

 each 2. 



POST-GRADUATE STUDY 



As a supplement to Table Vili. is presented 

 an analysis (see Table IX.) of post-graduate 

 study after the winning of the M.D. or Ph.D. 

 degree or in the absence of these, the bach- 

 elor's or master's degree. As post-graduate 

 work is included (1) work as a fellow, (2) 

 residence in a teaching or research institution 

 with or without appointment and (3) foreign 

 study. Also where an individual holds both 

 the M.D. and Ph.D. degrees work for the later 

 of these is counted as post-graduate work. 

 When an individual has not held a fellowship 

 and no special course of study is given, the 

 first appointment (as assistant, instructor, 

 lecturer, etc.) after graduation is considered as 

 post-graduate work. Some objection might be 

 raised to including the first appointment as 

 post-graduate study, but as it frequently offers 

 the best criterion of conditions determining 

 future work and of crystallizing the tendencies 

 of the individual, it seems justifiable. On the 

 other hand, if this first position was presum- 

 ably devoid of opportunities for training, as, 

 for example, a position in a secondary school, 

 it has not been included. In this table, unlike 

 the others, in order to bring out general tend- 

 encies, the compiler has freely used his dis- 

 cretion as to omissions at the expense, perhaps, 

 of some of the smaller institutions. Despite 

 aU these liberties, the table has been prepared 



with great difficulty. This has been due in 

 part to the complete absence of all data in con- 

 nection with some names, and in part to the 

 difficulty of defining graduate work, that is, 

 determining what should and what should not 

 be included. One other difficulty must be 

 mentioned. Although the majority of individ- 

 uals are credited with postgraduate work in 

 only one or two institutions, some studied in 

 four or more. As a result, in Table IX. the 

 latter have been counted four or more times; 

 thus the same individual may be credited to 

 Columbia, Hopkins, Germany and France, 

 though the total time spent in these four places 

 may not have been greater than that given 

 by another individual credited only to Colum- 

 bia. To indicate the time element, an attempt 

 was made early in the compilation to indicate 

 length of time of post-graduate study, but this 

 was beset with so many difficulties that it was 

 abandoned. The table, therefore, indicates 

 diversity of post-graduate study by a number of 

 individuals, without regard to the time ele- 

 ment, or the sequence of study. For conveni- 

 ence of tabulation foreign universities are 

 grouped under the name of the country in 

 which they are located. So also work in fed- 

 eral, state and city laboratories and in the 

 army and navy are grouped under the head of 

 Government Worh. 



TABLE IS 



Post-graduate Instruction; 1903 List Only 



Hopkins 



Harvard 



Columbia 



Government work 



Pennsylvania 



Michigan 



Chicago 



Clark 



Yale 



Cornell 



Germany 



France 



England 



Austria 



Scotland 



Italy 



