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SCIENCE 



[N. S Vol. XLII. No. 107S 



anatomists liad an early brief experience in 

 pathology and one in physiology. Three 

 physiologists started as anatomists, but changed 

 their interest early in their career. Some of 

 the physiologists and chemists entered the field 

 of pharmacology, and some of the latter that of 

 pharmacy also, but in no instance have they 

 been interested in other branches. 



Three pathologists had initial appointments 

 in anatomy or histology, and one in clinical 

 medicine. One bacteriologist had an early 

 appointment in chemistry. 



THE CLINICIAN AS AN INVESTIGATOR 



Of the clinical group, five individuals had 

 been professors of pathology, while two had 

 held chairs of materia medica, one a chair of 

 botany and therapeutics and one a chair of 

 anatomy. Three others had been, respectively, 

 professor of hygiene, physiology and the insti- 

 tutes of medicine. Of those who had not held 

 chairs, three had done notable work in pathol- 

 ogy, one in physiology and toxicology and one 

 in clinical hematology (microscopy). These 

 activities are naturally those closely related to 

 diagnosis and treatment, respectively, and it is 

 probably these activities in the science of 

 medicine, and not the actual practise of medi- 

 cine, which gave the individuals in question 

 their prominence as men of science. The his- 

 tory of medicine in this country shows that 

 the first medical laboratories, presided over by 

 men who did not practise medicine, were those 

 of chemistry. Anatomy and physiology, at 

 first in the hands of the clinicians, were the 

 subjects next to acquire laboratory facilities 

 and full-time men. Still later, pathology was 

 divorced from clinical teaching and became a 

 laboratory subject. But until about twenty to 

 twenty-five years ago, the advancement of the 

 medical sciences, aside from chemistry, was 

 largely in the hands of clinicians, and it was 

 men of the type represented in this list — as 

 Mitchell, Delafield, Fitz and Janeway — ^who 

 kept the scientific side of medicine alive in the 

 period preceding the development of our pres- 

 ent manifold laboratory activities. That 

 twenty men in internal medicine and thirteen 

 men in surgery and the specialties — men 



busily engaged in the actual practise of medi- 

 cine — should constitute almost one fifth of a 

 list of 179 prominent medical men of science, 

 the majority of whom are laboratory men, is 

 a matter for sincere congratulation. It will 

 be interesting to see whether or not the new 

 conditions in medicine, the full-time chairs in 

 clinical medicine and the better equipped 

 clinical and research laboratories, yield as 

 large a number of prominent scientists in 

 clinical medicine. The 1910 list with its 5& 

 new names is too small and too near the 1903 

 period to be of value. It shows only two new 

 names in internal medicine, three in psy- 

 chiatry, two in neurology, three in surgery 

 and none in pediatrics, as contrasted with 

 twenty, three, three, two and three in 1903. 

 For psychiatry, neurology and surgery this is 

 an excellent showing; for internal medicine 

 and pediatrics, opinion must be deferred. 

 Richard M. Peaece 



TjNrVEESITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



TEE NATIONAL FORESTS 

 The first-hand impressions and experiences 

 gained on his thirty-day tour of the National 

 Forests are described as " invaluable " by 

 Secretary of Agriculture Houston in a letter 

 which he sent on his return to Washing- 

 ton to the chief forester, expressing his ap- 

 proval of the administrative work and methods 

 of the forest service. 



Starting out with the expressed intention 

 of seeing the work with his own eyes and study- 

 ing on the ground the principal problems in- 

 volved in managing and developing the forest 

 resources of the country. Secretary Houston 

 visited typical forests in each of the six great 

 forest districts of the west, penetrating into 

 the wilds on logging locomotives, automobiles, 

 horseback, and at times on foot, and getting 

 into personal touch, not only with the rangers 

 and guards, but with homesteaders, cattle- 

 men, lumberjacks and others among whom the 

 forest officers do their work. Secretary Hous- 

 ton in his letter to the forester says : 



I especially desired to familarize myself with 

 tlie administrative machinery and business meth- 

 ods, to acquaint myself with the grazing condi- 



