November 26, 1915] 



SCIENCE 



755 



courses — the " History of British Psychology," 

 the " History of German Psychology," and 

 " American and French Psychologists " (for 

 graduate students). Michigan has a course 

 entitled the " History of Modern Psychology," 

 primarily for graduates. 



In summing up the results of this study in 

 the specific historical courses (as given in 

 group I. a. Table I.) and comparing them 

 with the study of the general historical 

 courses, and also with the study of the other 

 two groups (I. h and I. c) the figures them- 

 selves seem to be arguments that establish the 

 validity and the greater merits of the general 

 history of science course for all groups of 

 schools. This statement is made, notwith- 

 standing the fact that the percentage of suc- 

 cessfully conducted courses in the specific 

 group is probably large. 



We have in the total number of courses 

 offered in group I. a, 162 courses (not includ- 

 ing seven unrelated courses previously noted). 

 Of this number, 100 are half-year courses, and 

 62 full-year courses, with a total of 3S5 hours 

 of instruction, thus giving an average of 2.3 

 hours per course, with 8.0 students as average 

 class enrollment. Also we find, of the 162 

 courses and 113 schools, an average of 1.4 

 courses per school. 



• Considering now, briefly, what the figures 

 are concerning the history of science in gen- 

 eral, we have some telling facts. The com- 

 parison may not seem to be exactly fair, be- 

 cause the more general subjects are only found 

 in the larger institutions (not including the 

 Harvard Exchange lectures), as against the 

 large number of smaller schools oilering spe- 

 cial courses. However, for a general study of 

 the trend of the movement, we must look to 

 the larger schools, and therefore this compari- 

 son may answer our purpose. In this group 

 there are 14 general history courses, and from 

 these 5 constitute the Harvard Exchange lec- 

 tureship, which, according to the terms of ex- 

 change, is only temporary; the subject-matter 

 changes with professor and department. The 

 course at Throop College of Technology (a 

 third group school) was discontinued or 

 crowded out. Eeed College presents a differ- 



ent type of historical coucrse, which is not to 

 be considered a complete course, the historical 

 treatment being combined with a general sci- 

 ence course. Lehigh University has a course 

 which is a combination of the biographies and 

 the progress of science — 1 hour, 1 semester. 

 Pennsylvania's course is given by the philos- 

 ophy department, and is known as " The Phi- 

 losophy of ]S"ature." Chicago and Columbia 

 both offer courses for the quarterly and half- 

 year terms, in the history of the physical sci- 

 ences; at Chicago Dr. Mann attempts to con- 

 sider something of the history of science in 

 America. The remaining four larger schools 

 — Harvard, Princeton, Carnegie Institute of 

 Technology and Massachusetts Institute of 

 Technology offer complete courses in the his- 

 tory of the physical and biological sciences. 

 In the last few years the Carnegie Institute of 

 Technology has manifested a great activity in 

 the general aspect of this study. Last year a 

 course on the philosophy of science was 

 offered, and a new, more general course upon 

 the history of science is being planned. 



The ntunber of the smaller schools interested 

 is encouraging, and indicates progress: Ham- 

 line University, Hunter College, Simmons 

 College, Massachusetts Agricultural College 

 and University of Cincinnati. 



TABLE II 



General 



Courses Specific 



(Groups Courses 



I a. I 6. I c) (Group I a) 



Total numbers of courses 20 162 



Total numbers of hours 42 355 



Av. numbers of hours per course. 2.2 2.3 



Av. nos. of students per course.. .39 8.0 



Av. nos. of courses per school.. . 1.0 1.4 



On further analysis of the subjects, repre- 

 sented in group I. o, h, c, it can be shown (by 

 dividing these courses into physical and bio- 

 logical groups — exclusive of mathematics) 

 that the average number of hours for instruc- 

 tion throughout the year of each, is 2.2 hours 

 and 2.4 hours. The average number of stu- 

 dents for the physical group is larger than the 

 biological group. Comparing the figures of the 

 two divisions given in Table II., we find the 



