Fink: lichens of the northern boundary. 189 



Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd. (forms of). 



Cladonia verticillata Hoffm. 



Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd. 



Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Fr. var. ? 



Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr. (forms of). 



Cladonia rangiferina (L.) Web. 



Cladonia uncialis (L.) Web. 



Cladonia alpestris (L.) Rabenh. 



Cladonia turgida (Ehrh.) Hoffm. 



Peltigera malacea (Ach.) Fr. 



Peltigera canina (L.) Hoffm. 



Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Hoffm. 



Professor Conway MacMillan finds such Cladonia formations 

 especially well developed at Stair Portage and other points along 

 the international boundary, and the writer has found them in 

 many places in northern Minnesota. Next we wall consider 

 the Umbilicaria formations noted in many places along or near 

 the international boundary from Grand Portage westward to 

 Oak island in Lake of the Woods. And it should be stated 

 that Professor MacMillan has noticed some of these Umbilicaria 

 and Cladonia associations as well as those of the Endocar^pons to 

 follow below.* 



Umbilicaria Formation of Shore Rocks (Kettle Falls). 



Umbilicaria muhlenbergii (Ach.) Tuck. 



Umbilicaria dillenii Tuck. 



Umbilicaria vellea (L.) Nyl. 



Umbilicaria pustulata (L.) Hoffm. 



Umbilicaria hyperborea Hoffm. 



The formation recorded above may all be seen on a small area 

 of partly flat and partly perpendicular and more shaded rocks 

 along the shore of Rainy Lake at Kettle falls, and may be 

 found almost as well developed near Rainy Lake City and in 

 places on Oak and neighboring islands in Lake of the Woods. 

 The formations were noted also at Koochiching and Tower 

 and more poorly developed elsewhere. They are also finely 

 developed in the region traversed in 1897 along the shores of 

 Lake Superior and along the northern boundary from Grand 

 Portage westward to Ely. At Grand Portage the formations 



* MacMillan, C. Observations on the distribution of plants along the shore 

 at Lake of the Woods. Minn. Bot. Stud. 1 : ICO4-1020. 1S97. 



