Bergman and Stallard: climax formations 



369 



some places all of these may be scattered quite promiscuously. 

 Ceanothiis ovatiis occurs abundantly in a few localities. 



The following are the characteristic plants of the ground layer 

 in the Acer-Tilia climax forest : 



Actaea rubra 

 Anemone quinqiie folia 

 Aquilegia canadensis 

 Aralia nudicaulis 

 Arisaema triphyUum 

 Aster cordifolius 

 Aster maerophylliis 

 Bicuculla canadensis 

 Bicuculla cncullaria 

 Carex laxiflora 

 Cares longirostris 

 Erigeron pJiiladelphicns 

 Fragaria americana 

 Fragaria virginiana 

 Galium aparine 

 Galium triflorum 



Maianthemum canadense 



Phlox divaricata 



Polygonatuni commutatum 



Ruhus triflorus 



Sangninaria canadensis 



Sanicula marylandica 



Smilacina racemosa 



Smilacina stellata 



Smilax herbacea 



Syndesnion thalictroides 

 ThalictruM dasycarpiun 

 Thalictrwm dioiciim 



Trillium cernnnm 

 Urticastrum divaricatum 

 Uvularia grandiflora 

 Viola papilionacea 

 Viola pubescens 



Hepatica triloba 

 Hxdrophyllum virginianum Viola sororia 

 Lonicera dioica 

 The following may be found occasionally : 



Aralia racemosa Orchis spectabilis 



Caulophyllum thalictroides Osmunda cinnamomea 

 Dryopteris cristata Osmunda claytoniana 



Meibomia grandiflora Osmunda regalis 



Oakesia sessiliflora Polygonatum bifJorum 



Onoclea sensibilis 

 In low places, Urtica gracilis, Urticastrum divaricatum and 



Matteuccia strntkiopteris may occur in dense colonies or only as 



scattered individuals. 



II. Secondary Succession 



Secondary succession in the climax deciduous forest region as 

 in the pine forest climax are of two kinds, namely : 



