July 14, 1911] 



SCIENCE 



45 



one of his latest works, "The Pluralistic 

 Universe, ' ' still further showed, he himself 

 was in spirit an ethical idealist to the core. 

 Nor was he nearly so far in spirit even 

 from Hegel as he supposed, guiltless as he 

 was of Hegel's categories. Let a careful 

 reading of the "Pluralistic Universe" 

 make this fact manifest. 



Meanwhile, what interests us is that, in 

 "The Will to Believe," as well as in "The 

 Pluralistic Universe," this beautifully 

 manifold, appreciative and humane mind, 

 at once adequately expressed, and, with 

 true moral idealism transcended the ca- 

 prices of recent American ethics. To this 

 end he lavishly used the resources of the 

 naturalist, of the humanist, and of the eth- 

 ical dialectician. He saw the facts of human 

 life as they are, and he resolutely lived 

 beyond them into the realm of the spirit. 

 He loved the concrete but he looked above 

 towards the larger realm of universal life. 

 He often made light of the abstract rea- 

 son, but in his own plastic and active way 

 he uttered some of the great words of the 

 universal reason, and he has helped his 

 people to understand and to put into prac- 

 tise these words. 



I ask you to remember him then, not 

 only as the great psychologist, the radical 

 empiricist, the pragmatist, but as the in- 

 terpreter of the ethical spirit of his time 

 and of his people — the interpreter who has 

 pointed the way beyond the trivialities 

 which he so well understood and trans- 

 cended towards that "Rule of Reason" 

 which the prophetic maxim of our supreme 

 court has just brought afresh to the atten- 

 tion of our people. That "Rule of Rea- 

 son," when it comes, will not be a mere 

 collection of abstractions. It will be, as 

 James demanded, something concrete and 

 practical. And it will indeed appeal to 

 our faith as well as to our discursive log- 

 ical processes. But it will express the 



transformed and enlightened American 

 spirit as James already began to express it. 

 Let him too be viewed as a prophet of the 

 nation that is to be. 



JosiAH Rqtce 

 Habvabd Universitt 



HOWELL'S BELIEF MAPS AND THE NAT- 

 UBALISTIC LAND MODEL 



The death of Edwin E. Howell removes one 

 well known among those connected with earth 

 studies in this country, who will be greatly- 

 missed. 



As stated by Dr. G. K. Gilbert in the May 

 12th issue of Science, Howell was the pioneer 

 for the United States in the modeling of 

 relief maps. As his work is the most widely 

 distributed and best known of any in Amer- 

 ican institutions and has greatly influenced 

 the prevalent conception of the subject, a 

 brief analysis of it may be of interest. 



Howell made the best and most ornamental 

 relief maps we have. They were true to the 

 maps which were represented, and were fin- 

 ished and lettered in an exceptionally decora- 

 tive style. Dr. Gilbert mentions that How- 

 ell's work " was not distinguished for its 

 artistic quality." The use of the term " ar- 

 tistic " is frequently misleading. Howell's 

 work certainly showed skillful craftsmanship 

 and " finish." For many years he employed 

 an expert whose lettering was the most elab- 

 orate to be found on relief-map work. Dr. 

 Gilbert further states that the work was 

 " realistic wherever the material from which 

 he worked was full." In one instance where 

 a relief containing a breakwater was made, 

 an actual specimen of rock taken from the 

 stone foundation was introduced; this was 

 realism but not " naturalistic," both the scale 

 of detail and the material were not in keeping 

 with the rest of the work. 



" Naturalistic " is the term applied to the 

 truthful reproduction of natural topography 

 as distinguished from the conventional or 

 diagrammatic map-method. The most obvi- 

 ous difference in the two classes of work is 

 that the naturalistic gives the appearance as 



