CLASS XIX, ORDER I. | CIRCIUM. 1051 
branched, angular, furrowed, leafy, hairy ordowny. Leaves lanceolate, 
hispid, or hairy on the upper side, white and cottony beneath, deeply 
lobed in a pinnatifid manner, the lobes spreading, often cut in a some’ 
what palmate manner, spinous. Flowers large, crimson, solitary and 
terminal, and sometimes with one or two lateral ones. Jnvolucre 
woolly, ovate, scales lanceolate, with a spiny point, spreading. 
Florets tubular, the limb of five linear segments. J’ruit polished, 
ovate, compressed, brown. Puppus feathery, united at the base into 
a ring. 
Habitat —Road sides and pastures ; frequent. 
Biennial; flowering in July and August. 
2. C. palus'tre, Scop. (Fig 1240.) Marsh Plume-thistle. Leaves 
decurrent, pinnatifid; spinous, rough, their segments generally two 
lobed, spreading ; involucre ovate, downy, its scales ovate lanceolate, 
mucronate, appressed; heads numerous, clustered. 
De Cand. Prod. 6. p. 645.—Carduus palustris, Linn.—English 
Botany, t. 974.—Cnicus, p., Willd.—English Flora, vol. iii. p. 389.— 
Hooker, British Flora, ed. 4. vol. i. p. 297.—Lindley, Synopsis, p. 
152. 
Root fleshy, branching. Stem erect, simple, or somewhat branched 
upwards, striated, furrowed, angular, from three to six feet high, 
downy, interruptedly winged, and furnished with numberless fine 
pungent spines. Leaves numerous, long, narrow, linear lanceolate, 
roughish above, pale and downy beneath, sinuated in a pinnatifid 
manner, the lobes bifid, or palmate, ciliated with numerous small 
and larger hard horny puagent spines. Flowers dark crimson, purple 
or white, sessile, numerous, crowded at the end of the stem and 
branches. Involucre ovate, downy, its scales ovate lanceolate, keeled, 
and with a bristle-shaped point, the upper part of the scale often 
purple. lorets tubular, the limb divided into five linear segments. 
Fruit smooth, ovate, pale brown. Pappus of long feathery silky 
rays, united into a ring at the base. 
Habitat Moist meadows, pastures, and shady places; frequent. 
Biennial ; flowering in July. 
xx Leaves sessile, or nearly so. 
3. C. arven'sis, Scop. (Fig. 1241.) Creeping Plume-thistle. Leaves 
sessile, oblong lanceolate, pinnatifid, spinuloso-ciliated ; stem panicu- 
lated; heads ovate; involucre scales appressed, ovate lanceolate, 
mucronate; root creeping. 
' De Cand. Prod. 6. p. 643—Carduus arvensis, Smith.—English 
Botany, t. 975.—Cnicus, a., Hoffm.—English Flora, vol. iti. p. 390.— 
Hooker, British Flora, ed. 4. vol. i. p. 298.—Lindley, Synopsis, p. 
153. 
Root fibrous, with long creeping underground stems. Stem erect, 
6 Ww 
