1052 CIRCIUM. [CLASS XIX. ORDER I, 
three to four feet high, branched, angular, furrowed, not winged, 
smooth, or somewhat downy. eaves numerous, smooth, or some- 
what downy, lanceolate, sessile, ciliated with small spines, intermixed 
with larger ones, the upper leaves narrow, waved, the lower oblong, 
sinuated in a pinnatifid manner. Flowers numerous, small, pale 
purple or white, terminating the stem and branches in a paniculated 
manner. Jnvolucre ovate, smooth or downy, the scales close pressed, 
the outer ones small, ovate lanceolate, with a bristle point, the upper 
ones linear lanceolate, much longer. /lorets tubular, the limb deeply 
cut into narrow segments. /ruit ovate, compressed, pale brown. 
Pappus very long, soft, silky, feathery, elegant. 
Habitat.—Fields and road sides ; very common. 
Perennial; flowering in July. 
This very common species is, from its extensively creeping under- 
ground stems, (a portion of which, not more than an inch long, if lett 
in the ground, puts out roots and stems, and is the parent of another 
large Colony), extremely difficult to extirpate from the situations in 
which it has established itself; for not only by its roots does it propa- 
gate itself, but by the abundant seed which it produces. Sometimes 
in the axis of the leaves gall nuts are produced, which are said to be 
powerfully astringent, and useful in restraining hoemorrhages, as are 
the common nut galls, and some other astringents; but to be useful 
they must be applied in a more effectual way than by carrying them 
in the pockets, as was recommended by the old wives in former days. 
4. C. Forster'i, Smith. Branching Bog Plume-thistle. ‘“ Leayes 
slightly decurrent, pinnatifid, spinous, downy beneath; stem pani- 
cled, hollow ; involucre ovate, rather cottony, outer scales spinous.” 
Cnicus.—English Flora, vol. iii. p. 391—Hooker, British Flora, 
ed. 4. vol. i. p. 298.—Lindley, Synopsis, p. 153. 
Habitat—Boggy woods; formerly found near Frant, Sussex, two 
miles from Tunbridge Wells; foot of St. George’s Hill, Weybridge; 
Gareagh, Derry.—Mr. D. Moore. 
Perennial; flowering in July and August. 
“ The fructification of this plant most accords with that of the two 
last species, while the herbage and habit approach some of the fol- 
lowing, or rather the exotic Cnicus rivularis, Willd., though very 
distinct from that, and as far as I have been able to determine from 
all other described species.’—Smith. Mr. Borrer suspects it to be a 
hybrid produced between C. pratensis and C. palustris. 
5. C. erioph'orum, Scop. (Fig. 1242.) Woolly-headed Plume-thistle. 
Leaves sessile, pinnatifid, rough above, cottony beneath, every other 
segment pointed upwards, spinous; involucre spheerical, woolly, its 
scales lanceolate, dilated at the end, and spinous, 
