94 



SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. XXXVIII. No. 



At the very beginning of life, inherited 

 mechanisms are set going by appropriate situ- 

 ations. The reaction complex is instinctive. 

 But immediately, if the organism possesses a 

 cortical mechanism, profiting by reaction com- 

 mences and each new performance, each new 

 response to a given situation, in some measure 

 modifies the creature, and by adding to its 

 sum of experience, renders it more intelligent. 

 Professor Morgan does not seriously discuss 

 the question of whether intelligence or experi- 

 ence may exist in organsms which do not pos- 

 sess a cerebral cortex. 



The author's conception of the relation be- 

 tween instinct and emotion is thus stated: 

 " When a specific situation affords an appro- 

 priate constellation of stimuli, there issue 

 reflexly from the subcortical centers two sets 

 of efferent impulses, (1) those which evoke a 

 specific mode of instinctive behavior, inclu- 

 ding those motor responses which constitute 

 much of the so-called emotional expression; 

 (2) those which evoke visceral disturbance — 

 changes of heart-beat, and of the respiratory 

 rhythm, modifications of the digestive and 

 glandular functions, alterations in the periph- 

 eral vascular flow, a diffused influence on the 

 general coenaesthesis and so forth. From all 

 this complex of bodily changes under (1) and 

 (2) afferent impulses come into the central 

 nervous system, and, when they reach the 

 cortex, qualify the experience of the presented 

 situation and thus complete the instinctive 

 experience with its accompanying emotional 

 tone. I regard it as probable that, in its 

 primary genesis, the emotional tone is in large 

 measure correlated with the cortical disturb- 

 ance due to stimulation which is visceral and 

 cosnsesthdtic in origin" (p. 112). 



In the final chapters of the book, VII., The 

 Philosophy of Instinct, and VIII., Finalism 

 and Mechanism: Body and Mind, Professor 

 Morgan offers a critique of the views of Mr. 

 Bergson, together with comments on those of 

 Messrs. Myers, McDougall and Drieseh. 



The book is clearly and persuasively written 

 and will undoubtedly prove agreeably profit- 

 able to readers who approach it as a general 



philosophical discussion of the subject, rather 

 than as a contribution to the science of be- 

 havior. The reviewer's sole objection to the 

 discussion is that it meets no urgent need. 

 E. M. Terkes 



Glycosuria and Allied Conditions. By P. J. 



Cammidge, M.D. 



The increase which has occurred within the 

 past decade or so in the number of cases of 

 glycosuria — an increase which is only in part 

 due to refinements of diagnosis — is demand- 

 ing the attention of a large number of in- 

 vestigators as to the causes which give rise to 

 this condition. 



Although the milder degrees of glycosuria 

 are not associated with the other well-known 

 symptoms of diabetes, yet the latter are liable 

 gradually to develop unless great care and 

 judgment be used in controlling the diet of 

 the patient. To do this efficiently the physi- 

 cian must familiarize himself with the more 

 strictly scientific work bearing on the history 

 of carbohydrates in the animal body, and it 

 comes to be of importance that for this pur- 

 pose he should be able to procure reliable and 

 up-to-date reviews of the work that has been 

 done. 



In the present volume, from the pen of a 

 clinical worker, a praiseworthy account is 

 offered of much of the recent work — both 

 clinical and experimental — bearing on the 

 causes and treatment of various degrees of 

 glycosuria. It is, however, more particularly 

 with the part of the book bearing on the purely 

 scientific aspect of the problem that the pres- 

 ent review is concerned. 



In the first chapter the general chemical 

 properties and relationships of the various 

 carbohydrates are sufficiently explained for 

 most purposes, greater details being offered in 

 the form of an appendix. Too little attention 

 is, however, given to the condition of carbo- 

 hydrates in the blood, an omission which, in 

 view of the large amount of recent important 

 investigation, is rather disappointing. The 

 statement on page 17 that the blood is of defi- 

 nite alkalinity is hardly in keeping with mod- 

 ern teaching. 



