SCIENCE 



Friday, October 10, 1913 



CONTENTS 

 Medical Education in the United States: De. 

 Geaham Ltjsk 491 



The Botanical Exploration of Amboima by 

 the Bureau of Science, Manila: Dr. Elmek 

 D. Meeeill 499 



Marine Biological Laboratory Investigators, 

 1913 502 



The Microorganism causing Epidemic Folio- 

 myelitis 504 



Scientific Notes and News 506 



University and Educational News 510 



Discussion and Correspondence : — 



The Pelycosaurian Mandible: Peopessoe S. 

 W. WiLLisTON. The Distance House Flies, 

 Blue Bottle and Stable Flies may travel 

 Over Water: Peopessoe C. F. Hodge. The 

 Word ' ' Fungus ' ' : Peopessoe J. C. Aethue. 512 



The Am,erican University from Two Points 



of View 514 



Scientific BooJcs: — 



Determination of Time, Longitude, Latitude 

 and Azimuth: David Eines. Carpenter on 

 the Climate and Weather of San Diego, Cali- 

 fornia: William G. Eeed 514 



Notes on Meteorology and Climatology: — 

 International Meteorology; Evaporation 

 from Lake Surfaces; Volcamoes and Cli- 

 mate: Chakles F. Brooks 519 



Degrees conferred by the University of Bir- 

 mingham 521 



The New International Diamond Carat of SOO 

 Milligrams: De. Geoege F. Kunz 523 



Special Articles: — 



The Mechanism of Fertilization: Peopessoe 

 Frank K. Lillie 524 



MSS. inteaded for publication and books, etc., intended for 

 reyiew should be sent to Professor J. McKeen Cattell, Gairison- 

 OQ-Sndson, N. Y. 



MEDICAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED 

 STATES! 



HISTORICAL 



The first medical school in the United 

 States was organized in 1765 in connection 

 with the University of Pennsylvania by Dr. 

 W. Shippen, the anatomist, and Dr. John 

 Morgan, both of whom had been favorite 

 pupils of the Hunters in London and were 

 graduates of Edinburgh. The Harvard 

 Medical School was founded in 1783 by 

 Dr. John Warren, who had been a military 

 surgeon in the army from the battle of 

 Bunker Hill until ill health forced his re- 

 tirement. Anatomy was taught by dem- 

 onstrations, but in 1809 a room was opened 

 which offered to students opportunities 

 for dissection similar to those given by the 

 Hunters in London. It is stated that these 

 facilities were superior to those obtainable 

 on the continent of Europe. 



As time went on there was a great in- 

 crease in the number of medical schools; 

 the older schools either dropped their uni- 

 versity affiliation or this became nominal. 

 The ' ' proprietory school ' ' arose, in which a 

 few practising physicians came together 

 for the purpose of giving lecture courses 

 and clinics to medical students during a 

 period of five months each year. The stu- 

 dents listened to the same courses during 

 two successive terms and, after passing an 

 examination, received the degree of M.D. 

 eighteen months subsequent to the begin- 

 ning of their medical studies. Attempts to 

 raise the standard of medical education 

 were always accompanied by a loss of fees, 



1 A report prepared for the International Con- 

 ference on Post-graduate Medical Education held 

 at the time of the Seventeenth International Med- 

 ical Congress, London, 1913. 



