October 10, 1913] 



SCIENCE 



493 



The intimacy between anatomy and sur- 

 gery and the rigor of the discipline did 

 much to equip American surgeons with a 

 practical power which was of great value. 

 This relation is shown to-day in the ex- 

 amination questions asked by the old-school 

 surgeon, which are frequently half of them 

 questions of anatomy. 



THE FIEST TWO TEABS OP MEDICAL EDUCA- 

 TION 



With the development of higher scien- 

 tific standards, the teaching of anatomy has 

 been turned over to specialists, preeminent 

 of whom is F. P. Mall. The twenty leading 

 medical schools in the United States have 

 anatomical laboratories, in charge of full- 

 time professors, with competent, trained 

 assistants, engaged in teaching and re- 

 search. These laboratories also embrace 

 embryology and histology. Some of the 

 laboratories have come under the influence 

 of the teachings of the American biologists, 

 of men like C. S. Minot, E. B. Wilson, T. 

 H. Morgan, E. G. Conklin, Charles B. 

 Davenport, E. G. Harrison and Jacques 

 Loeb. The mention of these names is pro- 

 phetic of accomplishment when American 

 medical schools shall be so organized that 

 they can produce masters of modern medi- 

 cine. 



Eeference has been made to Bowditch's 

 influence at Harvard, but physiology in 

 America also owes an important debt to H. 

 Newell Martin of the English school. Mar- 

 tin established a graduate school in physi- 

 ology at the Johns Hopkins University in 

 1876, and inspired many of the best workers 

 in the country in physiology and biology. 

 At present the better medical colleges have 

 well-equipped physiological laboratories 

 with full-time professors. The English sys- 

 tem of obligatory student instruction in the 

 physiological laboratory has been adopted 

 and extended in the United States. 



For the development of physiological 

 chemistry, the country owes much to 

 Chittenden, who studied with Kiihne, and 

 who, with tireless energy and fine capacity, 

 trained numerous pupils who have charge 

 of departments of physiological chemistry 

 to-day. Under the old proprietory school 

 system, there was, necessarily, a professor 

 of chemistry who taught the elements of the 

 science. It has, therefore, been an easy 

 task to develop a special department of 

 physiological chemistry in connection with 

 all of the better schools. This has been 

 very helpful, since there has been no de- 

 partment of medical science the world 

 over which has more broadly developed dur- 

 ing late years. Practical laboratory exer- 

 cises for all the students are compulsory. 



The English can well realize the influence 

 which Cushny, a pupil of Schmiedeberg, 

 has exerted in establishing pharmacology 

 in the United States. Through his pupils, 

 and through Abel and Sollman and their 

 pupils, medical students are, themselves, 

 able to experimentally determine the be- 

 havior of drugs upon the anesthetized, 

 functionating organism. 



The new German pathology was intro- 

 duced into the country, by W. H. Welch, 

 at the Bellevue Medical College and by T. 

 Mitchell Prudden, at Columbia, who were 

 both in New York City during the seventies 

 and early eighties. New York was not then 

 a scientific center, and the Johns Hopkins 

 University, in 1884, offered Welch a pro- 

 fessorship of pathology, which subse- 

 quently led to the development of a life of 

 great usefulness, of unselfishly exerted 

 power, and well-deserved distinction. The 

 spirit of the influence was shown in a 

 speech at a dinner given in New York 

 seven years ago in honor of Friedrich 

 Miiller when Welch said: "It is through 

 the laboratory that Germany has attained 

 her primacy in medicine, and she will not 



