ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 219 



as sugar, for instance, they begin to suck at it. But the very fact that 

 often when they get anything distasteful they begin to spit and clean 

 the mouth, is enough to show that they did not get a taste of it before 

 they put it in the mouth. Aside from all this, who ever saw an 

 insect use its antennfe to taste with ? Butterflies and similar insects, 

 when probing the deepest flowers, hold them nearly erect. Of many 

 others, such as the bee, wasp, &c., they scarcely reach to the lower 

 part of the head, not to take into account the length of the extended 

 tongue. 



2nd. It does not appear that the power of direction is in the 

 antenna. It is true that some insects seem to have lost the power of 

 directing their flight when the antennfe are cut off. But besides the 

 fact that many others are not so affected, we know that many of those 

 that are, soon recover and are able to move about as well as ever. 



3rd. He is inclined to adopt the opinion of Trouvelot that the 

 antennae are the organ of some sense not possessed by us, though not 

 one supplementary to that of sight. True, it seems in many cases as 

 though insects deprived of their antennae are somewhat blind, but in 

 vastly more instances they do not seem so. 



Epidermal Glands of Caterpillars and Malaehius.* — The follow- 

 ing are the principal results obtained by S. Klemensiewicz. 



(1) The eighth and ninth segments of the larvae of Liparis, Leucoma, 

 Orgyia, and Porthesia auriflua, have each a little protuberance on the 

 median dorsal line, with the opening of a gland at the summit. The 

 secretion is clear and odourless ; the skin is invaginated at the top of the 

 papilla to form a pendent sac, at the base of which are inserted two 

 muscles running obliquely backwards ; and there also open two glands 

 by a common duct. The external surface of the glands is smooth, but 

 in their interior each gland-cell forms a separate bulging mass ; the 

 appearance thus presented is singular. The lumen of the duct is very 

 small ; its thick walls are formed by two large cells, much like those 

 of the gland proper. In Leucoma salicis there are quite similar 

 glands on the fourth and fifth segments. (2) The exsertile horns of 

 Papilio MacJiaon, larva, are described. They are really developments 

 of the tegument. The epidermal cells of their walls are large, and 

 contain numerous rod-shaped bodies ; but the cells at the base of the 

 horns are much smaller and glandular (their secretion being probably 

 discharged through pores of the adjacent cuticula). It may be 

 assumed that the odorous secretion accumulates in the invaginated 

 horns, and is freed by their exsertion. (3) The caterpillar of 

 Harpyia vinula has a gland in the first segment, opening ventrally^ 

 The gland is flask-shaped, the neck acting as duct, and opening into 

 a large transverse fissure ; the body of the flask is the gland proper, 

 and is lined by polygonal epithelial cells, with irregularly shaped 

 nuclei ; the epithelium rests upon a thin tunica propria. (4) A 

 similar organ to the last mentioned was described in Vanessa larvce 

 by Eogenhofer.f It is an invagination of the skin on the ventral side 



* Verb. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, xxxii. (1883) p. 459. Cf. Science, ii. (1883) 

 p. 632. 



t Ibid., xii. p. 1227. 



Q 2 



