110 
It becomes evident at once that in the 
various investigations which are instituted 
in the study of physical man we must have 
the assistance of other studies which are 
closely related. Thus by the aid of paleon- 
tology we may hope for light on the prob- 
lem of man’s first appearance, both in time 
and place, and also on the problem of man’s 
ancestors, for paleontology is simply the 
study of zoology in geological times; it is the 
archaeology of zoology. Again, by the aid 
of embryology, we may hope to learn some- 
thing of man’s origin, for it is one of the 
laws of biology that the developmental his- 
tory of the individual is an epitome of the 
developmental history of the race. With 
the aid of anatomy, the study of gross struc- 
ture, we are able to compare the varieties 
of men and so classification and division 
become possible, and by means of compara- 
tive anatomy we can compare man’s struc- 
ture with that of other animals and thus 
learn of relationships. With the aid of 
physiology and experimental psychology 
we are enabled to judge of the comparative 
physical functions and mental activities of 
the different races. It must be added that 
no one or even all of these studies combined 
is physical anthropology. The data which 
they severally and collectively furnish make 
possible the broader, more comprehensive 
study of physical man. 
It is well also that we remind ourselves 
that the study of physical anthropology has 
only recently become a possibility. The 
time was not so very long ago when man 
rebelled at the thought that he had any- 
thing in common with the animals ; he for- 
got or overlooked the fact that his entry 
into and exit from this world were like 
other animals, that his life was and isa 
struggle for existence, that his physical na- 
ture was so like that of animals that the 
same laws of evolution which produced the 
one must have produced the other, must 
have produced all, must govern all. And 
SCLENCE. 
[N.S. Vou. VI. No. 134- 
so the skeptics of the scientific and unscien- 
tific world cried: Produce your missing link! 
The ‘ missing link’ is dead, and almost for- 
gotten, but in his stead has arisen, from 
the study of paleontology, embryology and 
comparative anatomy, an array of facts 
which unite man to the animal world in a 
manner so close and intimate as to admit 
of no questioning. As one anatomist* says: 
“Blood relationship and not some unknown 
plan of creation forms the invisible bond 
which unites organisms in various degrees 
of similarity, and in this great family man 
must find his place. He forms but a. link 
in the chain, and has no right to consider 
himself an exception.” 
It may seem strange that after physical — 
anthropology has been declared to be that 
part of zoology which deals with man that 
there should be any need to speak of the 
methods which are essential to its proper 
study. But the field offers such large op- 
portunities for superficial work, and so 
much of that sort has been done that we 
may well devote a few minutes to the con- 
sideration of this subject. We hear so much 
of ‘reversions,’ ‘ simian traits’ and ‘anthro- 
poid characters’ that we are bewildered, 
and after all the evidence is in we can only 
conclude that man’s ancestors were won- 
derfully and fearfully made. There is, in- 
deed, in the different races of men, or in 
any one of them, an enormous amount of 
variation. A naturalist} asks: “Are not 
Esquimaux and Bushmen, Samoyedes and 
Australians, American Indians and Fantis 
much further apart than any two species of 
monkeys, of larks or butterflies?’ While 
an anatomist,} speaking of the shoulder- 
blade, says: ‘‘I do not know what range of 
* Wiedersheim : Structure of Man, p. 2. 
+ Sir Henry Haworth: Natural Science. Sept., 1896, 
p. 185. 
{ Professor T. Dwight : The Range and Significance 
of Variation in the Human Skeleton. Boston, 1894, 
p. 22: 
