AuGustT 6, 1897.] 
(Bull. II., Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, 
Chicago Acad. Sciences, May, 1897), in- 
eluding the Valparaiso moraine, the chan- 
nel cut by the former outlet of Lake Michi- 
gan through the moraine and down the 
Illinois river valley, and the beaches of the 
former lake. The moraine is concentric 
with the present lake shore; it is a hilly 
belt, about ten miles wide and a hundred 
or more feet higher at the ‘crest’ than 
at the borders ; its mounds frequently en- 
close hollows and lakelets. The channel 
eut by the former lake outlet follows a 
drift-clogged valley of preglacial origin 
below Hennepin (where the Illinois river 
turns from west to south), but is of glacial 
or post-glacial origin above that point. It 
is from one to five miles wide, and from 20 
to 70 feet deep; its marginal bluffs are 
steep, like a river bank, throughout the en- 
tire length of 300 miles, as if the lake out- 
flow had great volume, filling the channel 
from bluff to bluff. Three beaches are de- 
scribed, marking the lake shore at the time 
of the westward outflow. It should here be 
remembered that the slight difference be- 
tween the level of the old outlet and of the 
present lake is not due simply to a slight 
withdrawal of the waters, but is due to a 
strong rise of the waters after a strong fall, 
as has been well shown by several students 
of the glacial history of the Great Lakes ; 
the fall resulting from the adoption of east- 
ern outlets, and the rise resulting from 
an elevation of the land in the northeast. 
So close a return to the Illinois outlet is 
portentous of the future. 
STUDIES IN INDIANA GEOGRAPHY. 
SEVERAL papers on the geography of In- 
diana by various authors have been pub- 
lished in the Inland Educator during the 
past year, and some of them have been re- 
ferred to in these notes. The whole series 
is now edited by C. R. Dryer, professor of 
geography in the Indiana State Normal 
SCIENCE. 
207 
School, and published in book form (In- 
land Publishing Co., Terre Haute, Ind., 
1897). ‘First series’ appears on the title 
page, as if more essays are to follow; and 
it is to be hoped that-such is the case, for 
much educational good must result from 
the careful use of such material by teachers. 
The book is notable in being the first of a 
kind that should have great extension over 
the country, as an encouragement and as- 
sistance in the study of home geography. 
There is to-day no similar series of essays 
even for States as prosperous and as im- 
portant as Ohio and Pennsylvania. Indeed, 
it is a difficult matter for the inquiring 
teacher to find available geographical litera- 
ture forher work. Professors of geography 
in other normal schools might well follow 
the example set by Dryer. 
W. M. Davis. 
HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 
CURRENT NOTES ON ANTHROPOLOGY. 
ANTIQUITY OF MAN IN SWITZERLAND. 
THE thirty-fifth volume of the Memoirs 
of the Société Helvétique des Sciences Natu- 
relles is taken up with a thorough an- 
alysis of cave exploration near the Rhine, 
by Dr. Jacob Nuesch and his collaborators. 
The conclusions he reaches are the more 
noteworthy because they were obtained 
after the most exhaustive investigations 
and comparisons of the fauna, flora and 
human remains exhumed from the cave- 
floors. They may be briefly summed up 
as follows: 
The oldest faunas found were ‘sub-arctic 
and post-glacial. Man was contemporaneous 
with these, and at that time his industries 
were distinctly paleolithic. This period 
lasted about 8,000 years. A long period 
then elapsed, 8,000 to 12,000 years, during 
which the fauna changed to modern types, 
but man seems to have been absent. The 
neolithic and lake-dwelling period then 
