SEPTEMBER 10, 1897.] 
from Australia, Ceylon, Hong Kong, Japan, 
several localities in the United States, 
Jamaica, San Domingo, Grand Cayman, 
Barbadoes, Martinique, Trinidad and Cape 
Colony. 
Aulacaspis rose was described from 
Europe, but is now found also in the United 
States, Australia, New Zealand, the Sand- 
wich Islands, China and Jamaica. 
Chionaspis citri was described from Louis- 
jana and Cuba in 1883 and is now known 
from Trinidad, Antigua, Demarara, Ber- 
muda, Mexico, Tonga, New Zealand and 
Australia. 
Howardia biclavis was described in 1883 
from specimens on hothouse plants in 
Washington, D. C. Now itis known out- 
of-doors from Trinidad, Mexico, Tahiti, 
Sandwich Islands and Ceylon. 
Lecanium olee is found in Europe, the 
United States, the West Indies, Mexico, 
Sandwich Islands, New Zealand, Australia 
and Cape Colony. 
The hymenopterous parasites of the Coc- 
cide, by virtue of their mode of life, have 
spread almost equally with their hosts by 
means of this commercial transportation. 
- I have been able to show recently that by 
this means a number of species of the 
Chaleidid subfamilies Aphelininee and En- 
eyrtincee have, in comparatively recent 
years, become cosmopolites. For example: 
Aspidiotiphagus citrinus, originally de- 
seribed from California in 1891, is now 
found in many other portions of the United 
States, in the West Indies, Italy, Austria 
Ceylon, China, Formosa, Japan, Cape Col- 
ony, Queensland, South Australia and Ha- 
wail. Practically the same remarkable dis- 
tribution is followed by Prospalta aurantii, 
Aphelinus mytilaspidis, A. diaspidis and A. fus- 
cipennis, while the remarkable and system- 
breaking Eneyrtine—Arrhenophagus chiona- 
spidis, described by Auriyillius from Swed- 
ish specimens in 1888, has since been found 
in Austria, Italy, several portions of the 
SCIENCE. 
391 
United States, Ceylon, Japan, Formosa and 
China. 
Only second to the Coccidz in the facility 
with which they are transported in this 
way are the Aphidide. These insects, 
however, are fragile, soft-bodied and un- 
protected. They are readily carried, how- 
ever, in the winter-egg condition and many 
species are rapidly becoming cosmopolitan. 
They have not been studied, however, else- 
where than in Europe and the United 
States, and the extent to which this com- 
mercial distribution has been carried can 
only be surmised. A suggestion of this 
extent, however, occurred to me when 
within the past few weeks specimens of 
Aphelinus mali, a common parasite of Aphid- 
ide in Europe and North America, were 
received from such a comparatively out-of- 
the-way corner of the world as Passarcean, 
Java. 
Other still smaller and still less studied 
insects are undoubtedly carried by this 
method of transportation, as the recently 
discovered identity of certain North Amer- 
ican Thysanoptera with those of Sweden 
and Russia would seem to show. The 
small plant-feeding mites of the family 
Phytoptidee are particularly subject to this 
form of commercial distribution, and when 
they are fully studied, it will doubtless be 
found that many forms have become sub- 
cosmopolitan. 
Of larger insects, nearly all of the wood- 
boring beetles common to Europe and the 
United States have probably been brought 
over in this way. Zeuzera pyrina, the large 
wood-boring cossid moth, also probably 
came over on living plants ; and, as I have 
just stated, the newly imported brown-tail 
moth, Huproctis chrysorrhea, was probably 
at Boston with nursery stock. 
Careful observations on the insects trans- 
ported with this class of merchandise have 
never been made, except, possibly, at the 
port of San Francisco. At this port the 
