424 
analogy and homology, and the clear recog- 
nition of energy and sequence, require both 
native capacity and systematic training. 
Accordingly, scientific interpretation in 
terms of action and succession is the end of 
mental effort and may be regarded as the 
highest expression of intellectuality. This 
correspondence between the method of re- 
search and the history of science through- 
out the centuries amply attests the excel- 
lence of the method. Yet it is not 
to be forgotten that just as intellectual 
grasp strengthens, so interpretation is sim- 
plified, partly through the elimination of 
that question-begging mysticism which 
pervades all primitive philosophies, partly 
through clearer arrangement of facts and 
relations; and as interpretation grows 
simple three especially noteworthy effects 
follow: (1) Each step in interpretation 
makes the later steps easier; (2) as the 
labor lightens, more energy is left for the 
next task, and the mind of the student 
pushes into new fields of study and from 
time to time organizes new branches of 
inquiry ; and (3) with each extension of 
inquiry mental faculty is stimulated and 
strengthened. These tendencies are clearly 
indicated by the birth and growth of new 
sciences recorded in the history of research; 
beginning with the celestial bodies it has 
extended to mechanical bodies, vegetals, 
animals, the earth itself, then to the human 
body, individual and collective; and now 
it is reaching out toward the special attri- 
butes of mankind, the things nearest to 
human welfare and happiness. 
Vv. 
The domain of Anthropology is vast, and, 
partly by reason of its very magnitude, is 
sometimes deemed indefinite; yet in the 
light of the history of science in general its 
limits and subdivisions may easily be out- 
lined. 
History and analogy combine to show 
SCIENCE. 
[N. S. Vou. VI. No. 142. 
that the study of Man began with wounds 
and diseases and grew into surgery and 
medicine, which were at first thaumaturgic, 
but gradually became rational or scientific;* 
and in this way definite knowledge of the 
human body gradually accumulated and 
Anatomy and Physiology, with various an- 
cillary sciences and sub-sciences, took form 
and function. Meantime the organs of the 
human body were compared and identified 
with those of beasts and birds (which were 
long the better known), and comparative 
anatomy was established; but it was not 
until observation and generalization were 
fertilized by scientific zoology that the study 
of structures in their functional aspect took 
shape in Morphology. Under the influence 
of humanitarian therapy and the unprece- 
dented stimulus of the Darwinian doctrine 
of development the investigations of the 
last century, and particularly of the last 
quarter-century, have extended from struc- 
tures to functions, and these, through the 
fruitful science of Embryology, to human 
ontogeny and phylogeny—to the individual 
and generic evolution of Man considered as 
an animate organism. Accordingly there 
are several branches of science which deal 
alike with the human organism and the 
various other animal and even vegetal 
organisms of the great vital series in which 
Man is usually, though not invariably, con- 
sidered the culminating and crowning form. - 
Here anthropology and biology blend; but 
it is convenient and desirable to dis- 
tineuish that division of the Science of Man 
which deals with the organic features of the 
order Bimana, and this science or sub- 
science is frequently called Somatology. Al- 
though the oldest and the simplest among 
the divisions of anthropologic science Soma- 
*The genesis and development of surgery, and in- 
cidentally of medicine, are discussed in a memoir on 
‘Primitive Trephining in Peru,’ Sixteenth Annual 
Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1897, 
especially on pages 19 and 72. 
