SEPTEMBER 17, 1897. ] 
tology comprises various special branches 
of knowledge commonly classed as sciences, 
including Pathology, Physiology, Etiology, 
etc., representing the specific methods and 
purposes of particular classes of investiga- 
tion. 
The early books and maps of civilized 
nations show that explorers and pioneers 
were profoundly impressed by the far-away 
peoples encountered in their wanderings; 
there are not only accounts but pictures of 
headless men with faces in their chests, of 
cyclops with single eyes set skyward, and 
of other impossible monstrosities in human 
semblance; even since zoology became fairly 
definite, accounts of ten-foot giants in Pata- 
gonia and three-foot pygmies in Central 
Africa and other lands remote or hidden 
have gained currency and credence. As 
exploration continued, the unconscionable 
extravagancies of vision were gradually 
corrected, and the explorers came to see 
alien races in proper form and something 
like proper stature; yet the interest in the 
stranger peoples remained unabated and 
led to systematic observation and record. 
Borrowing methods from biology, the ob- 
servers or their interpreters sought to 
classify the men of different continents and 
provinces and islands by somatic characters 
—hby stature, color of skin, color and tex- 
ture of hair, color and attitude of eyes, form 
- of feature, form and size of skull, peculiar- 
ities of long bones, etc.; and, as the re- 
searches became definite and fruitful, they 
were combined in a science of races called 
Ethnology. This science has much in com- 
mon with biology, and is a direct outgrowth 
from that group of sciences pertaining to 
the human body combined under the term 
Somatology. 
After centuries of unscientific and unsuc- 
cessful search for the seat of the soul 
through baseless deduction and blind intro- 
spection, certain thinkers began to profit 
by contemporary researches in anatomy and 
SCIENCE. 
425 
physiology ; and as eye and mind were 
trained—even as the eye and mind of the 
traveler were trained not to make mon- 
strosities out of unfamiliar races—the form 
and function of the nervous system were 
gradually recognized, and the dominance of 
the brain was finally established. Only 
within a generation or two has the brain 
been investigated in a scientific way and 
with due appreciation of the importance of 
that marvelous structure preformed in the 
articulates, potentialized throughout the 
long line of vertebrates, and perfected in 
the ultimate mammalian form of the genus 
Homo; yet during the present quarter- 
century the research has been organized in 
a science already cultivated in many lands 
and taught in most of the leading universi- 
ties. The earlier promoters of this science 
approached the subject haltingly from the 
speculative or deductive side, and perhaps 
for this reason the science is named not so 
much from the organ itself as from its 
product, Psychology. This modern science 
is not to be confounded with certain fantas- 
tic notions sometimes foisted under the 
same designation which do little more than 
obstruct progress ; the parent stock of the 
science was indeed speculative—as is most 
knowledge in the beginning—but so soon as 
the graft of somatology was affixed it be- 
came fruitful. It is to be noted that while 
Somatology is essentially biotic, and Hth- 
nology is biotic in so far as it rests on bodily 
features, Psychology pushes beyond the 
domain of biology proper, partly in that the 
human brain owes its perfection of develop- 
ment to the essentially human attributes, 
partly in that the science, as commonly de- 
fined, embraces both brain and mind—both 
organ and proauct. 
So there are three well-established and 
and widely recognized sciences whose ob- 
ject-matter is Man considered as an organ- 
ism; by some students, especially those of 
past decades, they are held to constitute 
