SEPTEMBER 17, 1897. ] 
Now, in science, each advance gives a 
new standpoint from which a broader view 
may be gained; and with the recognition 
of what may be called the dynamic aspect 
of artificial objects the way was prepared 
for further progress. It was soon perceived 
that the simplest devices are supplements 
to or substitutes for bodily organs—that 
the knife of shell or tooth or stone is a sup- 
plement to teeth and nails; that the ham- 
mer-stone multiplies the efficiency of blows, 
and that the missile is equivalent to an in- 
definite prolongation of reach; and accord- 
ingly it was realized that, in so far as he isa 
maker and user of implements and weapons, 
even the lowest savage rises above the 
plane of purely animal life. It was next 
perceived that even the simplest devices 
react on the organism in various ways. 
The substitution of the shell knife for nails 
and teeth diminishes the exercise and hence 
the vigor of these organs and removes them 
from the category of characters subject to 
development through the survival of the 
fittest in the strife for existence, so that in 
so far as he employs devices in lieu of organs 
the savage passes beyond the realm of or- 
ganic development by natural selection ; at 
the same time the exercise of making and 
using artificial devices in lieu of natural 
organs tends to develop distinctively intel- 
lectual or cerebral characters, so that the 
effect of competition in the use of devices is 
not only to remove Man from the realm of 
the biotic, but to set him on a new course 
in a different realm—the realm of the arti- 
ficial or essentially human. As the view 
of the artificial continued to broaden it was 
perceived that while the simpler devices 
may appertain to individuals they are not 
integral parts of the individual, like the 
organs which they supplement, but may and 
do pass from hand to hand and from group 
to group; also that the use of a device by 
one person prompts others to acquire and 
use similar devices, which they are able to 
SOIENCE. 
427 
do immediately through mere exercise of 
individual volition (rather than slowly 
through generations of natural selection), 
so that each discovery or invention is at 
once the germ of a line of devices and a 
stimulus to intellectual power; and thus it 
was recognized that there is a strong com- 
munal tendency in the realm of the arti- 
ficial—that the development of devices 
tends toward interchange and cooperation, 
yet ever of such sort as to augment in- 
tellectual power and elevate the human 
above the sub-human. 
In the light of the dynamic interpretation 
of devices it is easy to perceive the trend of 
superorganic succession, or development of 
the artificial, and to contrast it with the 
course of biotic evolution. The substance 
or substratum of the latter is living matter; 
that of the former any matter, living or 
dead, with which man chooses to deal; the 
mode of this is slow elimination of the unfit 
and unpremeditated survival of the fit, the 
method of that is immediate imitation and 
designed improvement of the ingenious ; 
the tendency of biotic evolution is toward 
organic differentiation, that of artificial de- 
velopment mainly toward organic persist- 
ence with endless multiplication and inte- 
gration of devices; the effect of the one is 
individual or egoistic, that of the other 
communal and altruistic. With the recog- 
nition of the dynamic and successional 
aspects of artificial devices, anthropology 
gained a new significance ; for to its objects- 
matter in the form of the human body and 
human races and the human brain there 
was added the whole series of artificial de- 
vices and the exceeding potent intellectual 
activities which these devices represent ; 
and this addition is the basis of what is here 
styled the Science of Humanity. * 
* The enlargement of the domain of Anthropology 
as here set forth is regarded as marking the most 
important epoch in the development of this sci- 
ence, one of the most important in the development 
