428 
VII. 
When artificial devices were interpreted 
in terms of activities a new classification 
of human handiwork arose. At the same 
time the activities themselves became 
objects of research, which soon passed be- 
yond the collections and extended to the 
multifarious material devices in daily use 
among living peoples in the various stages 
of civilization from savagery to enlighten- 
ment; still later the research was extended 
to the intellectual or non-material devices 
which preeminently distinguish mankind, 
such as law and letters and learning in their 
numberless aspects. The study of the 
activities is now sufficiently advanced to 
indicate, at least provisionally, their re- 
lations among each other and to the merely 
organic processes ; they may be arranged in 
the order of their affinity with the vital. 
The primary activities of mankind are 
connected with more or less spontaneous 
sensations of pleasurable character. They 
arise and expand in fairly definite order; 
among known primitive peoples they ap- 
peal chiefly to the senses, and among more 
advanced peoples they appeal largely to 
the emotions and the purely intellectual 
faculties; they root in sports, games and 
decorations, and mature in the fine arts of 
painting, sculpture, the drama, poesy and 
music, v7. ¢., they constitute the esthetics. 
The artificial devices growing out of these 
activities go far toward filling those mu- 
seums of the world devoted to archaic and 
ethnic material, and nearly a third part 
of current anthropologic literature is de- 
voted to this class of objects and the ac- 
tivities which they represent. The activi- 
of science in general. Several investigators have 
contributed to it ; perhaps the earliest, one of the 
most voluminous, and certainly the most original, of 
these contributors is J. W. Powell, whose preliminary 
writings have appeared in a large number of addresses, 
official reports and minor papers, though his final 
conclusions are not yet published. 
SCIENCE. 
[N. 8S. Von. VI. No. 142. 
ties and activital products form the object- 
matter of a broad and fruitful field of 
inquiry known of late as Esthetology. 
2. Intimately connected with the pri- 
mary activities, and also originating in 
spontaneous vital processes, though becom- 
ing dominant only by organization through 
exercise and volition, there are other ac- 
tivities tending toward the maintenance ot 
physical welfare. From asimple beginning 
in occupations akin to those of the beasts, 
they arise and expand with each step in 
cultural advancement from savagery to 
enlightenment; at first confined to food- 
getting, they extend also to the making of 
apparel, the building of habitations, and 
eventually to the supply of intellectual 
demands, 7. e., they constitute the indus- 
tries of common parlance. The material 
devices growing out of the industrial ac- 
tivities have enriched anthropologic mu- 
seums almost equally with those growing 
out of esthetic activities, and probably a 
fourth part of the current literature of 
anthropology is devoted to them and the 
activities by which they are produced. 
Together they form the object-matter of a 
large and rich science commonly called 
Technology. 
It is to be noted that the greater part of 
the material investigated by the archzol- 
ogist pertains also to the fields of Esthe- 
tology and Technology, though these are 
far broader in that they extend not only to 
a greater variety of activital products, but 
to the activities themselves. It may also 
be noted that both esthetics and industries, 
originating as they do in vital processes, 
are primarily individual, though they be- 
come collective partly through combination 
with higher activities; while the higher ac- 
tivities of the series are primarily collective. 
It is noteworthy, too, that the two lower 
classes of essentially human activities rest 
on a material basis and are represented 
primarily by material devices, while the 
