430 
so rich in phenomena and principles and so 
far distinct from all other classes of things 
as to constitute an adequate basis for a sci- 
ence; they are the fine arts, or esthetics, 
giving basis for Esthetology; industries, 
forming the object-matter of Technology ; 
organizations or institutions, affording foun- 
dation for Sociology; language and litera- 
ture with their science of Philology; and 
the great plasma of knowledge, forming the 
ill-defined but all-important object-matter 
of Sophiology. The five fields of research 
pertain primarily to Man and thus repre- 
sent Anthropology; yet even casual survey 
of their extent and character renders it evi- 
dent that they pertain not at all to the ani- 
mal side of Man, but wholly to that side 
which intellectual Man alone possesses ; 
they are five sciences of Humanity. Partly 
to distinguish them from the three distinct 
branches of knowledge concerning animal 
man, partly to fix their place in the body of 
knowledge, they have recently been com- 
bined under the term Demonony ;* and this 
system of organized knowledge concerning 
wholly human things may fitly be desig- 
nated the greater Science of Humanity. 
VIII. 
As knowledge arises it is applied to the 
promotion of happiness and welfare ; this 
has been true of unorganized and uncon- 
sciously organized knowledge throughout 
the history of mankind, and is especially 
true of definitely organized knowledge 
which thereby becomes applied science. 
Now knowledge concerning the human 
activities, even while unconscious or half 
conscious only, reacts upon and shapes 
the activities in such manner as constantly 
to increase their potency. Some of the 
ways in which the science of humanity 
stimulates and strengthens human activi- 
ties are especially noteworthy. 
* Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Eth- 
nology, 1897, page xix. 
SCIENCE. 
[N. 8. Vou. VI. No. 142. 
1. While the great domain of Anthro- 
pology is divisible into an animal side 
comprising three broad sciences and a 
human side made up of five still broader 
fields of research, other classifications are 
possible, and indeed of special utility when 
directed toward the practical application 
of the science to every day affairs; for any 
assemblage of facts and relations may be 
classified in as many ways as there are 
purposes of classification. Experience 
shows that there is a peculiar advantage 
in classifying certain sciences by method 
of research rather than by the objects 
under investigation. Classified in this 
way, anthropology comprises: (1) demog- 
raphy, 7. e., the enumeration and descrip- 
tion of men, activital products, ete.; (2) 
human geography (or anthropogeography ), 
dealing with the geographic distribution 
of peoples and their artifacts; (8) political 
economy, which is concerned primarily with 
applied social forces and their products ; 
(4) history, which deals with the rise and 
fall of peoplesand nations ; (5) philosophy, 
which serutinizes materials and forces and 
sequences, and seeks the causes of growth 
and decadence among human _ things. 
This classification traverses the same do- 
main as the more general one, and serves 
to bring out the same facts and relations 
in somewhat different light, 7. ¢., it is arti- 
ficial rather than natural, technical rather 
than logical, subjective rather than ob- 
jective, directive rather than creative; in 
brief, it pertains to applications rather than 
original research. For certain purposes it 
is desirable to combine the classifications 
and define special fields of inquiry by the 
coincidence between the two, as has re- 
cently been done happily by Giddings * and 
others; for the lines of thought represented 
in the two systems are strengthened by 
interaction ; the one represents science, 
while the other may stand for statecraft or 
* The Principles of Sociology,’ 1896, page 49. 
