NOVEMBER 5, 1897.] 
found in the much discussed stratum of 
yellow sand which we have called Layer 2, 
present us with interesting evidence as to 
the relation of the sand stratum to man ; 
while in the further presence of twenty- 
three miscellaneous stones, and two hun- 
dred and fifty-four water rolled pebbles, 
ranging in magnitude from the size of a 
chestnut to that of an ostrich egg, we are 
confronted with interesting considerations 
as to the deposition of the sand, whether by 
wind or water. 
The antiquity of man, at the site, judged 
by these observations, depends on three 
questions : 
1. Are the significant chips in the yellow sand 
artificial? To which my experience an- 
swers yes. 
2. Are they in situ in the yellow sand? To 
this I would say that the notion of the in- 
trusion of objects from the Indian surface 
layer above (Layer 1), down and into the 
sand below (Layer 2), is suggested to me 
for the following reasons: Because the 
deepest artificial specimen in thé yellow 
sand (Layer 2), rested not over three feet 
below the surface; because the range of 
stone chips (argillite, jasper and quartz) 
and fractured pebbles was identical in the 
yellow sand (Layer 2), and the Indian 
Layer (ayer 1), and showed thickest un- 
der the latter, growing thinner downward ; 
because argillite chips identical in character 
and equally decomposed and patenated oc- 
curred in both layers; because two pieces of 
anthracite coal were found in the upper part 
of the sand (layer 2), and, lastly, because 
the artefacts were scattered at irregular 
depths in the sand (Layer 2), nowhere 
suggesting by their collocation a floor of oc- 
cupaney or workshop abandoned by primi- 
tive man. 
On the other hand, neither the shallow 
depths of the objects nor the closeness of the 
layers exceeded conditions known to arche- 
ology where divergent culture epochs had 
SCIENCE. 
679 
been found to rest closely one upon another. 
And while no potsherd or bone was found 
below Gin Layer 2), the similarity of the 
stones used where the blade material (in- 
gredient to glacial gravel) had .continually 
remained the same failed to overweigh the 
probability of antiquity as to the specimens 
from the lower layer. Coal fragments not 
uncommon in the alluvium of the Dela- 
ware, whose trough traverses coal beds near 
Mauch Chunk, had been found by me in an 
underplaced Indian village layer, probably 
pre-Columbian, at Upper Black’s Eddy,* 
while the observed position of roots and the 
study of small ant galleries failed reason- 
ably to account for the site of the chips in 
Layer 2, whose position in several cases be- 
neath well observed and unbroken films of 
stratification remained the most important 
fact in the evidence. 
When all was considered I was forced to 
conclude that a significant number of arti- 
ficial chips rested in situ in the sand, and 
hence were of an age antedating its depo- 
sition. 
Here again, as at the underplaced layer 
at Lower Black’s Hddy, we were confronted 
by two thin strata of human occupancy, 
resting one upon the other, but separated 
from each other by an interval of time as 
yet unmeasured. 
Antedating the familiar Indian, preced- 
ing the birth of the known riparian forest 
as indicated by the superficial blackness of 
its plant-stained loam, the immediately un- 
derplaced yellow sand Layer 2, close beneath 
the surface as it lay, testified to the previ- 
ous presence of a chipper of argillite, jasper 
and» chert, and a bruiser of pebbles, upon 
the surface of the bluff. As before re- 
marked, the bones of animals and pottery, 
characteristic of the upper layer, were ab- 
* See researches upon the antiquity of man in the 
Delaware Valley and the eastern United States. Publi- 
cation of the University of Pennsylvania, Vol. VI., p. 
78. Ginn & Co., Boston, 1897. 
