682 
sand could not be sharply drawn. Streaks 
and small pockets of black soil often ex- 
tended down irregularly into what was ap- 
parently undisturbed sand. A zone was 
therefore recognized, below the disturbed 
surface soil, which we agreed to call the 
‘zone of doubt.’ Allimplements or objects 
found in this zone were listed under ‘C.’ 
The bottom of the ‘zone of doubt’ was 
about 18 in. below the surface of the ground. 
Below the bottom of the ‘zone of doubt’ 
we agreed that the sand was undisturbed 
by human agency and that any objects 
found there must be regarded as having 
been deposited at the same time with the 
sand, or possibly intruded from above, in 
which case some evidence or indication of 
such intrusion should be apparent. 
The following method of investigation 
was then pursued: , 
One person entered the pit and gradually 
cut away the face with a trowel. As soon 
as any object was struck the rest of the 
party were notified and the sand around it 
was carefully removed. The distance from 
the bottom of the ‘ zone of doubt’ to the ob- 
ject was measured and the object was then 
removed and examined. Hach such object 
was immediately wrapped in a separate 
piece of paper, together with a memorandum 
of the facts in connection with it. 
NOTES. 
As far down as we dug we found roots of 
living trees, larva of June bugs (?), ants, 
and occasional disconnected spots or streaks 
of dark matter, which I took to be the re- 
mains of old decayed roots. 
The undisturbed sand was found to be 
distinctly stratified and evidently a water 
deposit. Pebbles and gravel grains were 
not uncommon, especially in connection 
with the clay seams, and nearly all the 
chips and implements found were lying flat, 
although a few were more or less on edge. 
Nothing but rough chipped implements 
SCIENCE. 
LN. S. Von. VI. No. 149. 
(paleoliths? ) and fragments were found 
below the ‘zone of doubt’ up to the time 
wheu I left (4 p. m., Saturday, June 26th), 
when about one-half of the main excavation 
had been made. 
Supplementary pits were also started 
close to the main excavation in order that 
others of the party might be occupied in 
digging at the same time. The methods 
employed were identical in each case. 
We failed to verify the contention that 
only argillite chips and implements are to 
be found in the undisturbed sand. Some 
jasper, chert and quartz flakes were also 
found, but argillite was the most abundant 
material represented. 
One fine chert implement was photo- 
graphed in place. The details in regard to 
this and other objects found in the undis- 
turbed sand are described by other members 
of the party. 
CONCLUSIONS. 
The writer accepts the conclusions of 
competent authorities that the so-called 
palwoliths are of human manufacture and 
that the sand in which they occur is of 
glacial age. 
After a careful examination there seems 
to be no doubt that this sand is a water 
deposit and that it had not been disturbed 
by human agency prior to the time when it 
was excavated by our party. 
The only controversy which seems possi- 
ble is over the question of intrusion from 
above and, in view of the facts now adduced, 
the burden of proof should in fairness rest 
with those who hold this view. 
ArtHuR HoLiick. 
DIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES.* 
THAT type of civilization cannot be re- 
garded as ideal or forethoughtful which 
*Concluding section of the address on ‘ Improvi- 
dent Civilization’ by the Vice-President of Section 
I., Social and Economie Science, American Associ- 
ation for the Advancement of Science, Detroit, 1897. 
