DECEMBER 31, 1897. ] 
were especially interested in it by calling 
attention to the pupils of Miss Rogers’ 
school, one of whom was his own daughter. 
He again applied to the Legislature for a 
charter and took the pupils of the Chelms- 
ford school to the State Capitol and gave 
the committee a demonstration of the utility 
of the method. At about the same time he 
also induced Mr. Dudley to permit his child 
to visit Miss Rogers’ school, and she be- 
came domiciled for a time at Miss Rogers’ 
residence. In a few weeks Mr. Dudley 
visited his child, and when he appeared the 
little girl ran to her father and called him 
‘Papa.’ He found that she was able to 
converse with him, being able to speak a 
few words and to understand a few when 
spoken by Mr. Dudley by interpreting the 
movements of his lips ; thus Mr. Dudley be- 
came a champion of oral speech, and when 
the subject was again presented to the Leg- 
islature he made an eloquent appeal for a 
charter for the school. At this juncture a 
gentleman named Clarke offered a sum of 
money for the endowment of such a school 
to be located at Northampton ; the benefac- 
tion was accepted by the Legislature and the 
charter was granted. Miss Rogers’ school 
was transferred to Northampton, Mr. Hub- 
bard himself becoming the president of the 
board of trustees, on which board he con- 
tinued until his death. Thus was the 
teaching of speech to deaf children perma- 
nently and officially introduced into the 
United States. 
The deaf constitute quite a large class of 
persons in modern society who have been 
rescued from a cheerless state by the efforts 
of philanthropic men. ‘This class of the 
population had previously been condemned 
to a state of inactivity and dependence. In 
future years it will be difficult to appreciate 
the dreary life of the deaf as it appeared in 
youth to those who are now passing away 
with old age. Deprived of the means of 
intellectual culture, they seemed to be 
SCIENCE. 
975 
stricken with a paralysis of reason and to 
wander as useless burdens on society. 
Instruction in speech has transformed them 
into helpful independence, so that the deaf 
may now bear an integral and honorable 
share in the society of their fellow-men, tak- 
ing a part in the activities of modern life 
where the sweet music of speech makes glad 
the soul. Mr. Hubbard did not invent oral 
speech, but he became the leader of the 
men who developed the agencies by which 
oral speech has become the means of com- 
munication among a class of persons who 
were formerly mutes and who therefore 
took no part in the arts, industries, insti- 
tutions and intellectual activities of man- 
kind, while now they may be active, useful 
and happy members of society. 
The student of men as they are engaged 
in human development may derive a lesson 
of great interest concerning the interde- 
pendence of demotic activities. Arts, in- 
dustries, institutions, languages and opin- 
ions are developed in such a manner that 
one of these realms cannot be developed 
without the others. So, for example, a 
man without institutions is more danger- 
ous than a wolf. In the same manner 
the investigator as a scientific man en- 
gaged in the pursuit of knowledge must 
depend on the inventor engaged in the 
application of knowledge, who in turn is de- 
pendent on the man of affairs for the utiliza- 
tion of his inventions. To designate this 
particular class of persons the English lan- 
guage gives us no term. Etymologically 
the word ‘undertaker’ is appropriate, but 
it has been used to designate a director of 
funerals. The French language has the 
term entrepreneur. Mr. Hubbard was the 
entrepreneur of scientific inventions and dis- 
coveries—the man of affairs who pushed 
them into the service of mankind. He was 
the entrepreneur of oral speech for the deaf, 
for he introduced it into all of the institu- 
tions of America designed to ameliorate the 
