124 



SCIENCE. 



[Vol. XX. No. 499 



proving the daring of the jay in dealing with the most audacious 

 of tlie bird-destroying hawks; second, in showing the assistance 

 wliich an expert hawk, or a pair of hawks hunting together, must 

 gain from the inclination of the jays and woodpeckers to hector 

 them instead of seeking safety in retreat. The advantage which 

 the owl enjoys in drawing other birds around him is well known, 

 but it is not often that so good an illustration is given in the case 

 of the hawk. Frank Bolles. 



Chocorua, N H., Aug. 20. 



Tornado-Whirls in the Upper Clouds. 



This morning I witnessed what seemed to me a very interest- 

 ing and unusual phenomenon, which may be worthy of record. 

 I noticed that a number of light flock clouds, moving north-east 

 in the upper atmosphere, became, on reaching a certain small 

 well-defined area, very ragged, and assumed the characteristic 

 tornado forms. Many looked like jagged craters, reminding me 

 strongly of the photographs of sun-spot whirls; some were honey- 

 combed, and all were greatly torn. In the course of some ten 

 minutes' observation, I saw at least a dozen such tornado-centres 

 in cirro-cumulus, detached clouds floating almost directly above 

 me. Such appearances in the lower clouds I have often observed, 

 but this is the first time I remember seeing the upper clouds dis- 

 turbed in this manner. The wind at the lime on the surface of 

 the earth was a forty- mile gale from the south-west, and there 

 were frequent dust- whirls. HlHAM M. Stanley. 



Marquette, Mich., Aug. 18. 



The Brutal Dove. 



TvfENTY-ONE years ago (Aug. 14, 1871), a mature, male dove 

 flew into the house of Mr. Paul Closius of Chicago, and soon be- 

 came quite domesticated. "Old Tom," as he is called, was 

 rescued from the great fire of the following October, and later 

 was given a female mate, which he pecked to death. 



Thinking that it might be an instance of incomp.itibility, he 

 was given another, which he tormented, neglected, and abused, 

 until she also perished. 



Naturalists are aware of the sentimental error which typifies 

 gentleness in the dove, and have often remarked its ferocity. This 

 instance also confirms the belief that doves are long-lived. 



, S. V. Clevenger. 



Chicago, Aug. 17. 



BOOK-REVIEWS. 



Temperament, Disease, and Health. By French Ensor Chad- 

 wick. New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons. 85 p. 



A real service is rendered science by those who emphasize the 

 individual as well as environmental side of pathology. The ti'e- 

 mendous development along certain lines of modern pathology 

 should not be allowed to obscure the fact that predisposition of the 

 organism is as potent a" cause" of disease as virulence of the germ. 



The author of this book avows himself a special pleader on the 

 very first page: "This little book is written primarily to put for- 

 ward two ideas: First, that there is associated with temperament 

 a specific rate of change; second, that the failure to keep up that 

 rate, or, in other words, a failure to have elimination keep pace 

 with accession of material, is the primal cause of organic disease." 

 This thesis is maintained quite consistently throughout the book. 

 " I thus venture to define what is known as ' organic disease ' as 

 a failure in rate of change. And, further, that, however asso- 

 ciated, bacteria are the resultant rather that the causes of such 

 diseases" (p. 16). 



It will not be perfectly obvious to everyone that the phrase 

 " failure in rate of change" brings us much nearer the real problem. 

 The vexatious question will still be asked, Why should there be 

 this failure to obtain adequate elimination of broken-down mate- 

 rial? The final solution of this question of temperament must 

 wait for a much deeper knowledge of the individual cell as well 

 as of the cell-complex. Every attempt, however, at an explana- 

 tion, although necessarily tentative and imperfect in character, 

 serves its purpose in keeping the subject open and in stimulating 

 research. 



Errors of statement do not seem to be numerous. One strongly 

 suspects, however, that the Mitchell mentioned on page 33 is no 



Beading Matter Notices. 

 Eipaiis Tabules cure hives. 

 Ripaiis Tabules cure dyspepsia. 



INDEXES 



Volumes XVII. and XVIII 



SCIENCE 



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