248 



SCIEiMCE. 



[Vol. XX. No. 508 



survey of Florida) the differences between these two formations 

 was established, and for the younger the name of Aliqua revives. 

 Whether this is identical with the Chesapeake and Carolinian or 

 not is for another discussion. At the same time the same parties 

 identified the Chattahoochee beds of Langdon, which underlie the 

 Miocenes of Georgia and northern Florida, with the Chipola beds, 

 and traced their continuity westward across the Choctawhatchie, 

 until, meeting with the syncline of the great roll from Alabama, 

 they sink out of sight under the great sand-beds which fill the 

 -depression now drained by Shool River. 



The connection of these two Florida Miocenes with the eastward 

 extension of the Grand Gulf into south Alabama is lURtter for 

 field research, and cannot be decided in the closet upon general 

 principles. Enough is certain, however, to render it clear that if 

 it is proper to draw the line between an older and a younger Mio- 

 cene in Florida, such a distinction continues westward into Ala- 

 bama and Mississippi; and where can we draw it better than upon 

 lithological grounds between the waler-holding stratified sands 

 and sandstones of the lower Grand Gulf and those orercapping 

 clays which, pierced at Brewton and Pallard 70 feet, at Mobile 

 735, at Biloxi 770, at Pearl River 800 and at New Orleans 1,200 

 feet, yield similar flows of water with similar clays and fossils? 

 Of the latter I have other collections, which shall be submitted to 

 Dr. Dall, now that I know his attention has been turned to the 

 matter. 



Upon the use of the term formation, I finally have to say that 

 it is at least provisional, for every discoverer to name every struc- 

 ture he finds having peculiarities from some locality where it is 

 prominently developed, although in the course of pal;B<intological 

 research many of these provisional names may disappear; and I 

 submit that the prevailing A.merican practice is not an abuse. For 

 these reasons 1 shall still insist upon the propriety of calling the 

 Pascagoula Clajs the Pascagoula Formation. 



Lawrence C. Johnson. 



Jleridlan, Miss., Oct. 2. 



Jealousy in Infants. 



Of my two children one is a boy of four years, the other a girl 

 ■of ten months. The boy has just returned home after an absence 

 ■of some months. His sister displays great affection for him. She 

 is also much attached to her nurse, more so at times apparently 

 than to any other member of the household. 



Now if, while the girl is sitting on a mat alone or on the lap 

 of either of her parents, the nurse should take the boy upon her 

 knee and fondle him, the girl will immediately cry out in a dis- 

 tressful way, in a tone not precisely indicative of anger or vexa- 

 tion, but more nearly similar to the tone of grief or disappointed 

 desire. In the case described the infant will not be appeased 

 unless the nurse puts down the boy and takes her up It will not 

 avail for the nurse to take her up on one knee, leaving the boy on 

 the other. 



If, however, while the nurse has the infant in her arms, either 

 of the parents takes up the boy and caresses him, the girl displays 

 •only a strong interest, but no annoyance whatever. 



It is evident then that the outburst of feeling in the former case 

 was a display of jealousy. And, as the child is not precocious, it 

 is allowable to look upon this case as an instance of ordinary 

 mental development in children. 



It is wonderful enough that infants of a few weeks or months 

 should make unmistakable manifestations of the simpler emotions 

 of fear, affection, and anger. But that an emotion so complex as 

 jealousy should appear so early as at the age of ten months is 

 especially remarkable, and indicates a degree of development at 

 this age which, in the absence of observation, might justly be 

 deemed incredible. 



I have not by me the works of Taine, Preyer, or Perrez, and so 

 am not able to say what observations, if any, they made in respect 

 i;o this particular matter. Darwin observed jealousy in an infant 

 of fifteen and a half months, but adds, "it would probably be 

 exhibited by infants at an earlier age if they were tried in a fitting 

 manner.'" A. Stevenson. 



Arthur, Ontario, Canada. 



Is There a Sense of Direction ? 



The recent articles in Science by Dr. Hall and Dr. Work on this 

 subject tempt me to say that in early life I was a believer in this 

 sense, my belief being derived from Cooper's Leather Stocking 

 Tales and similar sources. The winter of 1855-56 was spent in 

 what was then called " the badaxe country" of western Wiscon- 

 sin, in company with an old French Canadian trapper, who seemed 

 to possess this gift in a (to me; marvellous degree; and, as he 

 boasted of it and never to my knowledge made a mistake, my be- 

 lief in this sense was confirmed. 



The next winter, with a very limited knowledge of the Ojibwa 

 tongue, picked up on the Bad Axe, I went with a government 

 survey into northern Minnesota in the capacity of interpreter. 

 Here the subject was discussed in camp, and the sceptics proposed 

 a test. Five Indians were blind-folded, turned around several 

 times, and led half a mile from camp in different directions. Not 

 one could point to the camp utitil the bandage was removed from 

 his eyes, nor could they point to the north. As soon as they 

 could see they easily found the camp, although it was in the flat, 

 low-rolling country north-east of Crow Wing, where there are no 

 prominent land marks to be seen from the heavy-timbered lands. 

 On several other occasions it was found that the Ojibwa was 

 guided by the lie of the land, as indicated by water-courses, the 

 twist of trees as seen on stubs denuded of bark, the sun, and the 

 many minor indications of the cardinal points that are known to 

 expert woodsmen, both white and red. Therefore I agree with 

 Dr. Hall that man does not possess an instinct which teaches him 

 to find his way to a given point regardless of darkness or of pre- 

 vious knowledge of locality. 



I cannot agree that any animal possesses this sense. If so, it 

 would be the wild animals, whose necessities would keep the sense 

 in training, and not those whose needs have been supplied by man. 

 Dr. Hall cites the cat, which has been taken in a box for tifty 

 miles and yet reached home. This may be so; but such instances, 

 if true, are recorded as wonderful, as they truly are; while the 

 thousands of other cats which were taken less than five miles 

 from home and never returned are never recorded. Dr. Work 

 mentions the many carrier pigeons which never return, and it is 

 generally conceded that these birds depend on sight alone, their 

 trainers taking them short distances at first, and then increasing 

 them until they know the way to the loft. 



Let us take the case of the greatest of all migrating animals, 

 the wild goose. All of us who have seen anything of these birds 

 have seen them lost in a fog. Dr. Work thinks their fiying at 

 different altitudes may be determined by "the character of the 

 upper currents," and if these currents determine the density of 

 fogs, he is right ; for on a clear^day, when the geese can see many 

 miles ahead and get a bird's-eye view of landmarks fifty miles 

 distant, they fly very high, but let rain or mist prevail, and they 

 drop within reach of gun-powder, because they must come near 

 the earth to get their bearings and preserve the direction of their 

 flight, by vision alone. 



I have, among my flock of wild fowl, a pair of brant, B. berniela 

 (the only goose that Atlantic coast gunners call '• brant," although 

 in the West every goose is a " brant," except the Canada goose). 

 One of these birds strayed from a flock going north in the spring 

 of 1890, during one of the darkest of nights, when the rain came 

 as hard as rain can come, and was captured while flying around 

 a street-lamp in the village, thoroughly bewildered. The oiher was 

 taken the same night two miles south of the village by a boy who 

 found it on the ground. Such instances are common in every 

 rural locality, not only with the "black brant," but with its larger 

 relative the Canada goose as well; and if there are better navi- 

 gators in the animal world who should have the "sense of direc- 

 tion," if there is such a sense, I do not know what animals they 

 are. 



Dr. Work covers the case in his last paragraph, when he says: 

 " Whatever instincts animals may have in this direction, man has 

 the same, with the additional faculty of reason." That is, he 

 covers the question of a "sense of direction" in animals, and 

 allows man as much; but I cannot subscribe to his implied assump- 

 tion of reason by man alone. That, however, is another question. 



Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. 



Fred JIathee. 



