April 19, 1889.] 



SCIENCE. 



301 



as follows : " The principle of the brotherhood of humanity is one 

 of the eternal truths that govern the world's progress on lines which 

 distinguish human nature from brute nature. The principle of 

 competition is simply the application of the brutal law of the sur- 

 vival of the strongest and most cunning. Therefore, so long as 

 competition continues to be the ruling factor in our industrial sys- 

 tem, the highest development of the individual cannot be reached, 

 the loftiest aims of humanity cannot be realized. No truth can 

 avail unless practically applied. Therefore those who seek the 

 welfare of man must endeavor to suppress the system founded on 

 the brute principle of competition, and put in its place another 

 based on the nobler principle of association. But in striving to 

 apply this nobler and wiser principle to the complex conditions of 

 modern life, we advocate no sudden or ill-considered changes ; we 

 make no war upon individuals ; we do not censure those who have 

 accumulated immense fortunes simply by carrying to a logical end 

 the false principle on which business is now based. The combi- 

 nations, trusts, and syndicates of which the people at present com- 

 plain demonstrate the practicability of our basic principle of asso- 

 ciation. We merely seek to push this principle a little further, and 

 have all industries operated in the interest of all by the nation, — 

 the people organized, — the organic unity of the whole people. 

 The present industrial system proves itself wrong by the immense 

 wrongs it produces : it proves itself absurd by the immense waste 

 of energy and material which is admitted to be its concomitant. 

 Against this system we raise our protest : for the abolition of the 

 slavery it has wrought and would perpetuate, we pledge our best 

 efforts." 



— Two daring Englishmen, Mr. E. W. Everest and Count de 

 Sainville, have started from Winnipeg on an adventurous trip. 

 They propose to descend the Mackenzie, which is nowadays easily 

 accomplished by means of the steamer that was put on the river a 

 few years ago. They intend to start west from the mouth of the 

 Mackenzie, and to follow the Arctic shores as far as Bering Strait. 

 It appears that they intend to study the Eskimo of Cape Bathurst 

 and Point Barrow. It is expected that the expedition will occupy 

 two years. 



— Mr. George F. Kunz sails on April 20, per steamer " La 

 Champagne," to represent Messrs. Tiffany & Co. at the Paris Ex- 

 position, and also to be acting special agent for the United States 

 Exposition Committee, having in charge the government mineralogi- 

 cal and metallurgical exhibit. 



— At the instance of Mr. Jules Simon, president of the commis- 

 sion of the history of inventions, at the great International Exhibi- 

 tion at Paris, it has been decided that an important part of this 

 branch of the exhibition shall be tableaus showing the characteris- 

 tic industries of each of the great epochs of the history of man- 

 kind. This plan has been taken up vigorously, and a number of 

 tableaus have been completed. For illustrating the industries of 

 primitive man, four groups in full size have been made, — the first 

 makers of stone implements, the first engravers, the first architects, 

 and the first founder. The first group represents a man and a 

 woman. They flake the flints in the same way as the Australians 

 continue to do up to this day, the physical and ethnological char- 

 acter of whom is, moreover, so much like that of the earliest inhabi- 

 tants of central and western Europe. This scene has been modelled 

 according to a sketch by Baines. The first engravers are troglo- 

 dytes of the reindeer age. One of them graves relief figures on a 

 perforated stick of the class generally called chief's batons. The 

 other cuts small sticks which are to become needles. The group 

 " Founding of Bronze " shows a founder casting the m.etal in the 

 mould, while another man blows up the fire by means of the double 

 bellows which have been used since the earliest times in eastern 

 Asia. All these figures — and this is the most noteworthy part of 

 the work — have been modelled according to skulls and skeletons 

 of the various races, — those of Canstadt, Cro Magnon, Furforz, 

 etc. Dr. Hamy undertook the reconstruction of the human races 

 of these ages, and it was found that the resulting types are pretty 

 much of the same time as many modern Europeans. The collec- 

 tion, furthermore, embraces Egyptian, Chaldasan, Greek, and Gallo- 

 Roman figures. Egypt is represented by a weaver reproduced 



from a grave at Thebes. As a representative of Chaldaa, Gudea 

 has been chosen, offering to his god a model of the temple of Tello. 

 Four Greeks are shown engaged in making painted vases. Ancient 

 France is represented by a factory of clay statuettes. The arts- 

 and industries of primitive people will be represented by a negro- 

 forger and a Samojede engraver ; those of eastern Asia, by a 

 Chinese potter ; while a manufacturer of paper will represent the 

 industries of ancient America. This collection of groups of work- 

 ing-men will be supplemented by collections of their manufactures. 



— At a recent meeting of the Swedish Anthropological Society, 

 Professor G. Storm read a paper on his researches relating to the 

 Lapps. The speaker held, says Nature, that this race had settled 

 in northern Scandinavia as far back as the stone age, and had not 

 begun to move southwards until the middle ages. These south- 

 ward movements had occurred periodically. At the end of the 

 fifteenth century the Lapps had reached the sixty-fourth degree of 

 latitude, but were now found much farther south. The subject 

 was of interest, because of the general belief that the Scandinavians 

 had driven the Lapps northwards. In common with others, Pro- 

 fessor Storm was of the opinion that the Lapps belonged to the 

 Finnish-Ugrian race. ' 



— The second season of the Marine Biological Laboratory, of 

 which Dr. C. O. Whitman is director, will open soon. In the in- 

 vestigators' department, Howard Ayers, Ph.D., and E. G. Gardiner 

 Ph.D., are assistants. In the students' department, J. S. Kingsley, 

 Sc.D., is instructor in zoology ; James E. Humphrey, S.B., instruc- 

 tor in botany ; and Playfair McMurrich, Ph.D., instructor in micro- 

 scopical technique. In addition to the regular courses of instruc- 

 tion, and the appointed aids in laboratory work, occasional lec- 

 tures, or informal accounts of results obtained in special lines of 

 research carried on at the laboratory, may be expected from some 

 of those who will occupy investigators' tables. Professor E. B. 

 Wilson of Bryn Mawr, and Professor C. S. Minot of Harvard- 

 Medical School, will be among the number of such contributors.. 

 The new laboratory is located on the shore, at Wood's Holl, Mass.,, 

 near the laboratories of the United States Fish Commission. The 

 building consists of two stories — the lower, for the use of students 

 receiving instruction ; the upper, exclusively for investigators. The- 

 laboratory has aquaria supplied with running sea-water, boats, 

 collecting apparatus, and dredges ; it will also be supplied with 

 alcohol and other re-agents, glassware, and a limited numbert'of. 

 microtomes and microscopes. By the munificence of friends, the- 

 library will be provided henceforth not only with the ordinary text- 

 books and works of reference, but also with the more important 

 journals of zoology and botany. The laboratory for investiga- 

 tors will be open from June 3 to Aug. 31. It will be fully equipped 

 with aquaria, glassware, re-agents, etc., but microscopes and 

 microtomes will not be provided. In this department there are 

 eight private rooms for the use of investigators not requiring in- 

 struction, who are invited to carry on their researches at the labora- 

 tory. Those who require supervision in their work, or, being already 

 prepared to begin original work, desire special suggestions and 

 criticism, or extended instruction in technique, will occupy tables 

 in the general laboratory for investigators, and will pay for its 

 privileges a fee of fifty dollars. The laboratory for students will 

 be opened on Wednesday, July 10, for regular courses of seven 

 weeks in marine zoology and microscopical technique. Botany 

 will be taught for the present season during August. Opportuni- 

 ties will be given for collecting and preparing material for use in 

 the classroom and for special lines of study. The fee for workers 

 in this department is twenty- five dollars, payable in advance. The 

 number of students will be limited to twenty-five, and preference 

 will be given to teachers or others already qualified. By permis- 

 sion of the director, students may begin their individual work as 

 early as June i ;, without extra charge, but the regular course of 

 instruction will not begin before July 10. Applications for places 

 in either department should be addressed to Miss A. D. Phillips, 

 secretary, 23 Marlborough Street, Boston. The new laboratory is. 

 intended to continue and enlarge the work of the laboratory at 

 Annisquam, carried on for six years by the Woman's Education 

 Association, with the co-operation of the Boston Society of Natu-- 

 ral History. 



