456 



SCIENCE. 



[Vol. XIII. No. 332 



The total output of the mines, including colliery consumption, was 

 Pennsylvania anthracite, 41,624,610 long tons (increase over 1887, 

 4,045,863 long tons), or 46,619,564 short tons (increase, 4,531,367 

 short tons); all other coals, 102,039,838 short tons (increase, 14,152,- 

 47S tons) ; making the total output of all coals from mines in the 

 United States, exclusive of slack coal thrown on the dumps, 148,- 

 659,402 short tons (increase, 18,683,845 tons), valued as follows: 

 anthracite, $89,020,483 (increase, §4,468,302); bituminous, $122,- 

 497,341 (increase, ^24,492,685) ; total value, $211,517,824 (increase, 

 $28,960,987). The above figures show a notable increase in 1888 

 over 1887 in the aggregate output and value of both anthracite and 

 bituminous coal, although not as great an increase as occurred in 



1887 over 1886 in the value of the anthracite, or in the total tonnage 

 of the bituminous coal. 



Coke. — The production of coke in the United States in 1888 was 

 8,527,560 tons, valued at about $14,000,000. Pennsylvania pro- 

 duced by far the largest amount, the Connellsville region alone 

 producing 4,955,553 tons ; West Virginia, 528,533 tons; Alabama, 

 518,511 tons; Tennessee, 385,693 tons; and Virginia, 149,099 

 tons. 



Petroleum. — The product of petroleum in the United States in 



1888 was 27,346,018 barrels (of 42 gallons each), valued at about 

 $24,598,559. Of this amount, Pennsylvania produced 16,491,083 

 barrels; Ohio, 10,010,868 barrels; West Virginia, 1 19,448 barrels ; 

 California, 704,619 barrels ; and other States, 20,000 barrels. 



Natural Gas. — The amount of natural gas consumed is given 

 in coal displacement ; that is, the amount of coal displaced by the 

 use of natural gas. It is estimated that the amount of coal dis- 

 placed by natural gas in the United States in 1888 was 14,163,830 

 tons, valued at $22,662,128. Of this amount, .12,543,830 tons were 

 displaced in Pennsylvania, 750,000 tons in Ohio, and 660,000 tons 

 in Indiana. 



Structural Materials. 



Building-Stone. — Direct returns from producers of the various 

 kinds of building-stone show that there was but a small gain in 

 value over the figures of 1887. The value of the stone produced 

 in 1888 is $25,500,000, or $500,000 more than in the preceding 

 year. , 



Brick and Tile. — Value, $48,213,000. This figure represents 

 only a small gain over 1887. This is due rather to increase in the 

 number of manufacturing plants than to increased production at 

 the older and more important sources of supply ; in fact, many of 

 the latter show a falling-off in production. Prices also were gener- 

 ally somewhat lower than in 1887. 



Lime. — The production is estimated at 49,087,000 barrels. With 

 an average value of 50 cents per barrel, making a total of $24,543,- 

 500 as the value of the year's product. These figures are not 

 largely in advance of those for 1887, and the gains are not so much 

 the results of increased production in the leading lime regions as in 

 localities of minor importance. 



Cement. — The amount of cement produced in 1888 is less than 

 for 1887, being 6,253,295 barrels for 1888, valued at 72.5 cents per 

 barrel, making $4,533,639 as the value of the year's product. 



Abrasive Materials. 



Buhrstones. — The product which is used for grinding cement, 

 plaster, paints, feed, etc., comes from New York, Pennsylvania, and 

 North Carolina, and is valued at $150,000. 



Grindstones. — Ohio and Michigan furnish practically all the 

 sandstone from which grindstones are made. The product in 1888 

 increased slightly; 41,000 long tons, worth $281,800, being pro- 

 duced, against 37,400, worth $224,400, in 1S87. The price varied 

 from $6.50 to $10 per ton at the quarries before being finished into 

 grindstones. 



Corzmdum. — Production is limited to the old mines in North 

 Carolina and Georgia : 589 short tons, valued at $91,620, were pro- 

 duced in 1888 against 600 tons in 1887. 



Oilstones and Whetstones. — The production of novaculite from 

 Arkansas increased slightly, making the total, including Labrador 

 oil-stone, etc., 1,500,000 pounds, valued at $18,000 in the rough 

 state. 



Miscellaneous. 



Precious Stones. — No systematic mining was carried on in 

 search of gems in 1888 ; but in mining for other substances, and in 

 chance discoveries, gems worth $64,850 in the rough state, and 

 gold quartz worth $75,000, were found. 



Phosphate Rock. — The production declined to 433,705 long 

 tons, but the total value increased slightly to $1,951,673 on account 

 of better prices. The trade in manufactured fertilizers was very 

 prosperous. 



Marls. — The production in the Southern States, particularly in 

 Virginia, North Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida, is in- 

 creasing, while the product of New Jersey did not vary from 1887. 

 About 600,000 tons, valued at $300,000, were produced. 



Salt. — The industry shows only slight changes. In 1888 the 

 production was 8,055,881 barrels of 280 pounds, valued at $4,377,- 

 204. In 1887 the product was 8,003,962 barrels, worth $4,093,846. 

 Kansas became a commercial source of salt in 1888, producing 

 155,000 barrels, with a prospect of still greater increase in 1889. 



Bromine. — The product was 307,386 pounds, worth $95,290, an 

 increase from 199,087 pounds in 1887, worth $61,717. The price 

 remained at 31 cents per pound. 



Borax. — The production was restricted to 7,589,000 pounds, 

 worth $455,340, at 6 cents per pound for the average quality. In 



1887 the product was 11,000,000 pounds, worth 5 cents per pound. 

 Sulphur. — The sulphur-refinery in Utah was partially burned. 



This and litigation over the property prevented any production in 

 1888. The supply came principally from Sicily, with small impor- 

 tations from Japan. It was practically all made into sulphuric 

 acid. 



Pyrites. — Production, 54,331 long tons, valued at the mines at 

 $167,658, a slight increase in quantity over the previous year. 



Barytes. — The production from Missouri, Virginia, and New 

 York increased to 20,000 long tons, worth at the mines $110,000-. 

 In 1887 the product was 15,000 long tons, worth $75,000. 



Gypsum. — The domestic supply comes principally from Ohio 

 and Michigan, with smaller amounts from New York, Virginia, 

 Kansas, Colorado, California, Dakota, and Utah. The product in 



1888 was 96,000 short tons of crude gypsum, valued at $430,000. 

 A large portion of the supply is imported from Nova Scotia, where 

 126,118 tons, worth $121,579, were produced in 1888. 



Ozocerite. — From the region of Soldier's Summit, Utah, about 

 20,000 pounds of crude mineral wax were produced, worth $1,000 

 in New York, where the material was sold. An increase is prob- 

 able in 1889. 



Soapstone. — Production about 1 5,eoo tons, worth $50,000 be- 

 fore shipment. 



Asphaltum. — The product of 1888 includes 700 tons of gilson- 

 ite mined in Utah ; 3,100 tons of ordinary asphaltum, principally 

 from California; and 50,000 tons of bituminous rock quarried in 

 California for pavements in competition with asphaltum ; total 

 value, $331,500. 



Felspar. — The consumptfon for potters' use declined to 8,700 

 long tons, worth, in Trenton, N.J., $50,000. In 1887, 10,200 long 

 tons were produced, worth $56,100. 



Flint. — For potters' use the consumption was 16,250 long tons. 

 Including that for sandpaper and for glass, the consumption was 

 about 30,000 tons, worth, unground, $175,000. 



Potters' Clay. — The consumption included 18,000 long tons of 

 kaolin or china-clay, 5,250 tons of ball-clay, and 13,500 tons of fire- 

 clay, worth altogether $300,000. 



Mica. — Owing principally to the use of smaller sizes in stoves, 

 the production of sheet mica decreased from 70,500 pounds in 1887 

 to 48,000 in 1888, valued at $70,000. There is increased demand 

 for mica waste. 



Mineral Paints. — The product, including ochre, metallic paints, 

 and small amounts of umber and sienna, increased to 24,000 long 

 tons, valued at $380,000. 



Graphite. — The production of pure graphite was limited to 

 Ticonderoga, N.Y., and is reported as unchanged. The total pro- 

 duction of pure material was 400,000 pounds, worth $33,000. 

 Small amounts of less pure material for foundery facings, etc., were 

 produced in North Carolina, and at Cranston, R.I. 



Fluorspar. — The production limited to the neighborhood of 



