.464 



SCIENCE. 



[Vol. XIII. No. 332 



is a member of the American Academy of Science, corresponding 

 member of the British Association, vice-president of the American 

 Association for the Advancement of Science, etc. 



Professor Michelson will give a course of illustrated and experi- 

 mental lectures in physics, extending through two years. These 

 will treat the chief topics in this department, and will be sufficient- 

 ly advanced for students intending to make physics a specialty, 

 and will be interspersed by examinations and conferences. This 

 course will be supplemented by a series of lectures or readings in 

 theoretical optics, electricity, and magnetism, or in thermodynamics 

 of a more informal nature. Students with a fair knowledge of in- 

 tegral and differential calculus will have no difficulty in following 

 this course. 



A graded course of laboratory instruction will be offered for 

 practical acquaintance with special methods. Dr. Michelson will 

 strive, by advice and example, to encourage a spirit of diligent in- 

 vestigation and original research, particularly in those intending to 

 find their life-work in this department. 



The organization of no department will probably be more com- 

 plete in October than that of chemistry. A large laboratory of 

 •about fifty rooms will be ready for occupation, and the names of 

 some of the instructors can be very soon announced. Appliances 

 for the department of mathematics are also liberally ordered. The 

 names of instructors will soon be announced. 



The organization of all the above and other departments will 

 be gradual, and the foundation period of the university will cover 

 some years. Apparatus is being extensively ordered of the best 

 makers in this country and in Europe, chiefly from those who de- 

 vote themselves to the special class of apparatus in which they 

 excel. 



Besides field-work, excursions to institutions public and private, 

 coaching and cram classes, examinations, conferences, and other 

 modes by which knowledge now seems best imparted and retained, 

 the following educational methods will probably be prominent : — 



Semziiarzes. — These are stated, perhaps weekly, meetings, often 

 in a department library, for joint, systematic, but conversational 

 work, under the personal direction of the professor, in some special 

 chapter of his subject. Here the results of individual reading are 

 reported for the benefit of all ; views are freely criticised ; new in- 

 quiries, methods, comparisons, standpoints, etc., suggested. From 

 the mutual stimulus thus given, many important works have pro- 

 ceeded ; and the efficiency of universities, especially in Germany, 

 where seminaries were first generally introduced, has been greatly 

 increased. 



Laboratory Work. — For beginners, this was from the first the 

 best of all forms of apprenticeship, bringing student and professor 

 to a far closer and mutually stimulating relation. Here the manipu- 

 lation of apparatus is learned, each well-chosen piece of which is 

 an obvious epitome of long lines of research, processes are criti- 

 cised, results obtained by other investigators are tested, methods 

 are discussed and perfected. The modern laboratory has thus be- 

 come an unexcelled school of logical mental discipline, from which 

 is developed, as its best product, that rare independence in re- 

 search which is the consummation of scientific culture. 



LecUires. — The trustees desire that each instructor, of however 

 few students, should prepare and deliver regular lectures, with dia- 

 grams, illustrative apparatus, and references to standard text-books 

 and the best current literature upon each topic. Advanced students 

 and instructors will also be encouraged to supplement the work of 

 the professors by giving special lectures and courses. Public lec- 

 tures will from time to time be given. 



The following classes of students will be admitted : — 



I. Independent Students. — This class will include those who 

 have already taken the doctorate or other academic degrees in this 

 country or abroad, and others of sufficient training who have time 

 that may be devoted to particular lines of study or research. For 

 competent men of this class, individual arrangements may be made 

 and an independent room, and even special apparatus and books, 

 provided, that they may pui'sue their investigations, either alone or 

 with the aid and counsel of the instructors, to the best advantage. 

 Conditions under which a few of the most advanced students of 

 this class can be granted the vema docendi, as lecturers or docents, 

 -are under careful consideration. It is hoped that some of the per- 



manent instructors of the university may be recruited from this 

 class. It is probable that a few of these mature students can be 

 received, not only in the five departments named above, but in 

 others soon to be organized, and in the development of which they 

 may co-operate. 



II. Ca?tdzdates for the Degree of Doc/or of Philosophy. — Those 

 qualifying for this degree will be matriculated early in the fall, 

 after suitable tests, which will also aid in determining when they 

 can be admitted to the final examination. The full course pro- 

 vided for this class of students will be three years, but admission to 

 advanced standing at the outset is possible,; and those found to be 

 qualified may be allowed to take the doctor's examination in two 

 years, or even one. It is to the needs of these students that the 

 lectures, seminaries, laboratories, and collections of books and 

 apparatus will be especially shaped, and no pains will be spared to 

 afford them every needed stimulus and opportunity. It is for them 

 that the fellowships and scholarships are primarily intended, al- 

 though any of these honors may be awarded to students in Classes 

 I. or III. 



III. Special Students not Candidates for a Degree. — This class 

 includes those who may desire to devote themselves exclusively to 

 one or more of the special branches, — mathematics, physics, chem- 

 istry, biology, or ps)'chology, — but who do not care to matriculate, 

 or become candidates for a degree. These students, provided they 

 satisfy the heads of departments of their training and competency 

 in one subject, in which theymust be advanced (although they may 

 be less so, or even beginners, in other subjects), may be allowed 

 entire freedom in their choice and combination of studies, and, as 

 special students, may enjoy all the privileges of the university. 



IV. Medical Students. — The university offers special facilities 

 in those fundamental disciplines upon which the study of medicine 

 in all its departments now rests. Thus, students of sufficient pre- 

 liminary training can be admitted in the departments of chemistry, 

 biology, anatomy, physiology, and neurology, and receive here the 

 purely scientific part of a medical education. 



V. Preliminary Candidates or Undergraduates. — Non-uni- 

 versity students of less special or less advanced standing than the 

 above four classes, who are nearly but not quite qualified to be- 

 come candidates for the degree of doctor of philosophy, may also 

 be received. Students of this class must for the present have com- 

 pleted the work of the first three, or at least of the first two, years 

 of a regular undergraduate course in a college of good standing, 

 or the equivalent thereof. They must satisfy the authorities of the 

 university that they can proceed to the degree of A.B. in one year, 

 and contemplate advancing to a higher degree. The privileges and 

 status of these students will be more fully defined later. They may 

 be elected to scholarships, but not to fellowships. 



To no form of educational gift or bequest have probably so many 

 people contributed as to the various forms of individual aid to 

 meritorious students. Under the names of bursaries, stipends, ex- 

 hibitions, prizes, benefices, etc., as well as of scholarships and 

 fellowships, the revenues of fdundations established by and bearing 

 the names of sometimes hundreds of donors in a single university, 

 are annually distributed. 



Sometimes these funds were given by men or women themselves 

 mot far removed from need, and are appointed to furnish a student 

 with firewood, a room, a bed, one daily meal, or a coat each year, 

 etc., and sometimes yielding one or two thousand dollars to a single 

 holder. Often many students were provided by a single donor, and 

 some of these European foundations, even the smallest, are cen- 

 turies old, so sacredly are they guarded, and others are even now 

 being established. The more advanced the education, the more 

 such aids are needed, and the more numerous and substantial do 

 they in fact become in Europe. 



So great is now the need of bringing the best intellects to fullest 

 maturity, and so increasingly necessary for the highest scientific 

 attainment are now the leisure, tranquillity, books, and apparatus 

 thus best supplied, that the demand is strong for still more and 

 greater aids of this kind for advanced and competent students. 



Several of the wisest governments in Europe, recognizing that 

 the modern world and its rulers are ruled by experts thus best 

 trained, vie with private munificence in supplying such aids. With 

 a deep sense of the peculiar needs of our country in this respect. 



