ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 563 



highly refractive contents, and situated generally in a central portion of 

 the perithece, 



American "Bitter-rot."* — According to M. F. Cavara, the fungus 

 which causes the vine-disease, known in America as " bitter-rot," is not 

 Coniothyrium diplodiella, but must be placed in the genus Melanconium, 

 where it may be distinguished as M. fuligineum. It is the only species 

 of the genus at present known which is parasitic on the fruit of a 

 dicotyledon, 



Cladosporium herbarum.t — M. J. Costantin gives the details of 

 some researches on Cladosporium herbaium, and also on ^IZ/ernana tenuis. 

 He gives several reasons for thinking that there exists a relationship 

 between Cladosporium and Alternaria, and states that the primitive 

 opinion of Tulasne is confirmed, and that the polymorphism of 

 Cladosporium is even greater than that savant supposed. 



M. E. Laurent | states that this fungus may present, in addition to 

 its normal form, either of the following :— (1) Penicillium dadosporioides 

 Fres., or (2) Dematium pullulans De Bary, or (3) the white "levure" 

 of Pasteur, or (4) the Fumago-fovm. The author proposes also a reform 

 in the terminology applied to Hymenomycetes, to meet the progress 

 which has taken place recently. 



Microscopic twining Fungus.§ — Dr. E. Ludwig describes a minute 

 fungus parasitic on BerUja rotundifolia (Euphorbiaceae) from Kangaroo 

 Island, South Australia. The leaves of the host are covered with tufts 

 of hairs, which are attacked by the fungus, the twining stems of which 

 completely surround and embrace the hairs, always turning to the left. 

 It is probably nearly allied to Fumacjo and Pleospora, and is apparently 

 genetically connected with moniliform toruloid chains of cells on the 

 upper side of the leaf, belonging to a fungus named by Saccardo 

 Heterohotrys paradoxa. The only mode of propagation described is by 

 non-sexual spores. 



Heterospory of Gymnosporangium.|l — Dr. P. Dietel makes the 

 interesting observation that several species of Gymnosporangium produce 

 two kinds of teleutospore. The ordinary thick-walled brownish form is 

 produced only in the outer part of the fructification ; these are only 

 slightly constricted at the line of junction of the merispores, which 

 remain closely connected with one another. The second kind of teleuto- 

 spore has a very thin colourless membrane, and consists of only two 

 merispores which separate very readily from one another owincf to a 

 deep constriction at the line of meeting. They are imbeilded in muci- 

 lage, and contain an orange-yellow cell-content. Although these thin- 

 walled teleutospores do not difi"er in morphological value from the thick- 

 walled ones, they appear biologically to represent the uredospores of 

 other Uredineae. They have been observed in Gymnosporangium clava- 

 riseforme, juniperinum, Sabinse, macropus, clavipes, globosum, and bi- 

 septatum. 



Mildew of the Apple. IT — The mildew of the apple-tree has been 

 attributed by different writers to various fungi, Phyllactinia suffulta, 



* 1st. Bot. E. Univ. Pavia, 1888, 4 pp. See Bull. Soc Bot. France, xxxvi. (1889) 

 Eev. Bibl., p. 20. f Journ. de Bot. (Morot), iii. (1889) pp. 1-.3. 



X Rev. Mycol., xi. (1889) pp. 105-6. 



§ Ver. Naturfr. Greiz, Jan. 1889. See Bot. Centralbl., xxxvii. (1889) p. 339 

 II Hedwigia, xxviii. (1889) pp. 19-23, 99-103. % T. c, pp. 8-12. 



